Kana tichitaura nezve shark, zvakaoma kusafananidza marudzi akasiyana. Muchiitiko ichi, tichaongorora nekuenzanisa masaizi akasiyana e shark kuti tizive kuti ndeipi shark hombe pasi rose. Shark ndizvo hove dzemashanga ivo veimba yaKondrichthyes. Pane dzinopfuura zana marudzi Idzo dzinonyatsozivikanwa uye imhuka dzakawanikwa panyika yedu kubvira kare kare.
Muchikamu chino tichafananidza mamwe emhando dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzeshark kuti tizive kuti ndeipi shark huru pasi rose.
Shark yakakura kwazvo pasi rose
Zvakaoma hazvo. Kuziva kuti ndeipi shark hombe pasirese kwakaoma nekuda kwekusiyana kwakakura kwezvipenyu uye ruzivo rwekuvapo kwavo kwemazana emamiriyoni emakore. Mufananidzo weshaki unoonekwa zviri nyore munyika yose, pasinei nokuti takavaona munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mvura mumvura, mishumo yepaterevhizheni, muzvinyorwa, kana kuti mafirimu.
Iyo shark inowanzofananidzirwa se mhuka chaiyo inoda kurwisa vanhuIboka rezvikara zvine simba rinoshamisa rekugadzirisa. Zvisinei, shark dzakawanda kupfuura izvozvo. Vari dzimwe dzemhuka dzinonakidza uye huru zviri mumakungwa nomumakungwa edu.
Tichifunga zvakasiyana-siyana maonero uye dzidziso dzekuti ndeipi shark hombe pasirese, isu tichatanga taita 3 yepamusoro runyorwa rwehukuru pakati pavo. shark dzemazuva ano Uye ipapo tichatsanangura nyaya yacho megalodon, hofori yakatsakatika.
Yakakura chena shark
El White shark Ndiyo imwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa pasi rose. Zviri chimwe chezvikara zvikuru uye zvine simba zvikuru izvo zviripo. Inogona kusvika kuhuremu hunosvika 1.115 kilos mukutanga kwayo. Nzvimbo yaro yekugovera inotambanukira mumakungwa ese epasirese, nekunyanya kuwanda mukati mvura dzakadzikama dzemugungwa yeNorth America, kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica, uye kumaodzanyemba nekumadokero kweAustralia.
El white shark huru zvake mazino akapinza kwazvo ane mativi matatuine serrated edges, yakagadzirirwa kucheka zvimedu zvakakura zvenyama. Hapana mubvunzo kuti imhuka inotyiwa zvikuru mugungwa uye ine ngozi zvikuru kana ikarwiswa nokuda kwezvinoparadza mhedzisiro yekurumwa kwayo; kunyangwe zvakadaro, Kashoma kurwisa vanhuInowanzo kanganisa vanoshambira kana masurfers ezvisimbiso kana mhuka dzepanyama, kana kuti inongoita kana ikanzwa kutyisidzirwa. Kana yangoziva kuti isu hatisi mhuka yayo, inorasikirwa nechido, asi kuruma kwayo kwekutanga kwekuongorora kunogona kuve kwakakomba.
Vanhukadzi vanowanzoita vakakura kupfuura varumeA common sex dimorphism mu shark. Mukurumbira we "kudya kwevanhu" hauna kunaka kana kumiririra. Saizvozvo, Dzimwe mhuka dzemugungwa dzinokonzera zvimwe zviitiko nevanhu kuti kuchena kukuru, uye basa rayo rezvakatipoteredza semugadziri wehuwandu hwakakosha kune hutano hwezvipenyu.
Basking shark
El basking shark zvinobudirira kureba kusvika 10 metres uye huremu hunosvika matani mana, zvichiita kuti ive iyo shark yechipiri pakukura munyika pakati pemarudzi azvino. Chimiro chayo chikuru ndechekuti hapana wakashama muromo kusefa mvura uye kuunganidza plankton.
Imwe yezvinyorwa zvavo zvekutanga zvekudya ndeye zooplanktonKutenda kune yayo kusefa system, inogona sefa zviuru zvematani emvura paawa apo inofamba zvishoma nezvishoma. Kuberekwa kwaro ndeye ovoviviparous: mazai anoputika mukati meamai uye vana vanozvarwa vari kurarama, nzira yakajairika yekubereka pakati pe shark huru.
Pasinei nehukuru husina kuenzana hwemuromo wake, hazvina maturo zvachose kuvanhu. Anoda mvura inotonhora uye ine mwero pedyo nechepamusoro, uye inoparadzirwa zvikuru mumalatitude ari kure neequator, mukati makungwa nemakungwa pasi rose.
Whale shark
El whale shark, sezvinoreva zita rayo, Ndiyo hove huru pasi roseZvinogona kutaurwa kuti, pakati pehove mhenyu, ndiyo hombe iripo. Ishaki inogona kudarika matani makumi matatu ekurema uye kusvika kureba kunoda kusvika 20 metres mumienzaniso yakasarudzika. Inodya planktontumwerere tudiki, hove diki nemakrstaceans, zvinofamba-famba mumakungwa ese epasi.
Ishaka ine runyararo Uye yakapfava, kunyangwe nekukura kwayo. Painoshama muromo wayo, inomedza mavhoriyamu makuru emvura kuti ipombe nemumagaro ayo, panonzi zvivakwa zvakanaka. dermal denticles Vanoita sefa uye musungo chinenge chisikwa chipi nechipi chikuru kudarika mamirimita mashoma.
Iyi ndiyo kopi yacho Aigona kunzi mambo wemadzimambo pakati pemashaki anhasi. Inoshamisa sezvo isingakuvadzi, uye haina ngozi kuvanhu kana mamwe marudzi mazhinji emugungwa. Vanowanzoonekwa pedyo ne equator, uko mvura inodziya inofarira maplankton akawanda.
Tinotsanangura sei "hombe" uye inoyerwa sei mumashaki?
Kana tichitaura nezve "zvikuru" tinogona kureva longitud, misa kana kunyange muromo wakarebaPakati pehove mhenyu, rekodhi inobatwa newhale shark. Iyo basking shark inotevera mukureba, kunyangwe ine mashoma mashoma. White shark huru, pasinei nemukurumbira wayo, Haigadziri podium nekuda kwehukuru hwayo pakati peazvino, kunyangwe hongu pakati pe apex predators nekuda kwesimba uye zano rekuvhima.
Kune shark dzakatsakatika, senge megalodon, masayendisiti anofanira kufungidzira saizi yavo kubva zvakasara zvishoma, kunyanya mazino uye mamwe vertebrae, sezvo cartilaginous skeleton fossilizes zvisina kunaka. Vanoshandiswa kuenzanisa mienzaniso nemhando dzazvino, allometric relationships pakati pehukuru hwezino nehurefu hwakazara, uye nzira dzinoenderana ne midzi yakafara kana the kureba kwekorona nekukura kwemuviri. Pasinei nemaitiro akasiyana, pane kubvumirana kwakakura: Megalodon ndiyo yaive shark hombe munhoroondo.
Megalodon: shark hombe yakambovapo (yakapera)
El megalodon (inowanzo kunzi megalodon carcharocles u Otodus megalodon) aive a marine apex predator and the shark huru pane yakanyorwaKufungidzira kunogamuchirwa zvakanyanya kunoisa yayo kureba kwepamusoro pamusoro pemamita gumi nematanhatu uye mune zvinoshamisa zviitiko zvakatonyanya zvakadaro, ne huzhinji hwemakumi ematani. Su bitenekuda kweshaya dzakakura nemazino triangular uye serrated kusvika kupfuura 18 cm kureba, ingadai yakashanda masimba makuru kune chero ipi zvayo shark iripo, inokwanisa kutsemura mapfupa ecetaceans hombe.
Zvake mazino akasimbaine micheto yakatsetseka yakatsetseka uye midzi yakanyatsogadzirwa, yaive yakakwana cheka uye ubate mhuka ine simba. Chinyorwa chezvicherwa chinoratidza a cosmopolitan distribution, nekuvapo mune zvakadzikama uye subtropical latitudes uye nzvimbo dzinogona kuberekera mumvura dzinodziya dzemahombekombeKufanana nedzimwe shark, zvingadai zvakave zvakadaro ovoviviparousVechidiki vakaberekwa vari vapenyu uye, maererano neuchapupu, vakabuda ne saizi yakakura pakuzvarwa, izvo zvakaderedza kusagadzikana kwavo.
Kudya kwavo kwaisanganisira mhuka dzemugungwa (kubva ma dolphin kusvika kune makuru whale), njiva nedzimwe hove. Mitsara yakasiyana yeuchapupu hwe geochemical uye morphological inoratidza kuti yaive apex predator yeyakanyanya trophic levelUyezve, sezvazvakaita nehombe dzemazuva ano shark, ingadai yakave neimwe nzira ye regional endothermyizvo zvakamubvumira kuchengetedza tembiricha dzakakwirira dzemukati uye kuvhima mumvura inotonhora zvikuru ne kushambira kwakanyanya.
Nezve ake taxonomic chinzvimboPane gakava resainzi: mamwe mabasa anoiisa murudzi carcharocles nevamwe mu Otodus mumhuri yakatsakatika OtodontidaeChinogamuchirwa nevakawanda ndechekuti Haisi tateguru wakananga weshaki huru jenaasi mutsara wakabatana we "megatooth sharks" yakakura yakashanduka yakafanana, ine mazino akafanana. evolutionary convergence.
Nei yakatsakatika? Kunyangarika kwayo kunonzi kunokonzerwa nekubatanidzwa kwe oceanographic change izvo zvakaderedza nzvimbo dzekuberekesa dzinodziya, kusiyana kwekuwanikwa kwemhuka (kunyanya baleen whales) uye kukwikwidzana nezvimwe zvikara zvikuru seanotangira kune orcas uye yemazuva ano hombe chena shark. Nokutsamira pa simba guru rinodaKuderera kwezvokudya zvaivapo kungadai kwakaita kuti mararamiro avo ave asina kugadzikana.
Zvakakodzera kusimbisa izvozvo hapana humbowo hwesainzi iyo inotsigira kuvepo kwazvino kwema megalodon mhenyu. Izvo zvisaririra zvinosara uye kusavapo kwezvinyorwa zvichangoburwa munzvimbo dzavanofanira kuwanikwa zvakajeka kunongedza kwavo kutsakatikaKufarirwa kwakakurumbira kwakakurudzira ngano, asi kubvumirana kwenyanzvi kwakasimba: shark hombe munhoroondo haichagari mumakungwa edu.
Dzimwe hofori shark dzazvino (kupfuura "yepamusoro 3")
- Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus): inogona kudarika 6-7 metresNdiyo imwe yeakanyanya kunonoka kukura mhuka dzine vertebrate dzakararama kwenguva refu vanozivana. Hupenyu mvura yakadzika yeArctic Uye chiono chayo chakaganhurirwa zvikuru. Biology yayo inoita kuti ive panjodzi yekukanganiswa nevanhu.
- Great Hammerhead Shark (Sphyrna mokarran): inosvika 4-6 metres. Su T-musoro Inopa yakafara kwazvo stereoscopic maonero. Yapinda ngozi yakaoma nekuredza zvakanangwa uye netsaona.
- Tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier): inopfuura iyo 5 mamita muvanhukadzi. Zviri a apex predator mukana, nekudya kwakakura uye kukosha kukuru kwezvakatipoteredza.
- Megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios): isingawanzo uye oceanic sefa feeder, inotenderera ichitenderera 5 mamitaYakawanikwa ichangopfuura uye inoramba iripo infrequent mukuona.
- bluntnose sixgill shark (Hexanchus griseus): inogona kusvika kune 5 mamitaMvura yakadzika, ne zvidimbu zvitanhatu zvegill uye kazhinji tsika dzeusiku.
- Goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni): inosvika pedyo ne 4 mamita. ari kudzika uye chitarisiko chisingaoneki chine mhuno yakareba uye shaya inoputika.
- Mako shark kana shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus)3-4 m, iyo Faster pakati pehove, inokwanisa kuita zvinoshamisa anosvetuka kubva mumvuraKutyisidzirwa nekuredza hove.
- Bull shark (Carcharias taurus): kusvika 3,5 mamitaChitarisiko chakasimba uye mukurumbira wehasha, kunyangwe zviitiko nevanhu zviri zvakajairika.
- Spotted kana cow shark (Notorynchus cepedianus): kumativi e 3 mamita, mumwe wevashoma vane 7 gill slitsPredator yemwaranzi, zvisimbiso nedzimwe hove.
- Mukoti shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum)2,5-3 mamita. Muromo mudiki, unodyiswa ne kubvisa ye mollusks uye crustaceans.
- Blue shark (Prionace glauca)2-3 metres, yakashongedzwa uye yakakura ocean migrantImwe yeakajairika, kunyangwe aine kuderera kwevanhu.
- Ngirozi shark (Squatina squatina): kusvika 2,5 mamita, akafanana nechitarisiko chetambo. Zviri mungozi munzvimbo dzakawanda nekuda kwekudonha pasi.
Maitiro, kudyisa uye kuberekana kwehofori sefa feeders
Idzo shark mbiri huru dziri kurarama nhasi, whale shark y basking sharkVanogovana a Sefa yekudyisa zanoVanoshama muromo vachituhwina kuenda kugwara mvura zhinji kuenda kumagill, uko zvimiro zvehunyanzvi zvinochengeta plankton uye zvipenyu zvidiki. Kudya uku kunotsanangura zvavo hunhu husingakuvadzi uye kufarira kwavo nzvimbo dzine hupfumi hwepamusoro, kubuda kana kuunganidzwa kwekrill nemakonye.
Kuberekana mune dzinoverengeka dzehofori idzi ovoviviparousPanyaya yeperegrine falcon uye mamwe lamniforms, yakaonekwa oophagia (kudyiwa kwemazai asina kubereka nema embryos) mukati mechibereko, zvichiita kuti mwana asvike saizi huru pakuzvarwa uye kuwedzera mikana yavo yekupona.
Kuchengetedza uye kuchengeteka: zvatinogona kuita uye zvatinoda kuziva
Mazhinji emashaki makuru akatarisana kutyisidzira kwakakombaKubata hove kwakanangwa kana kungoerekana kwaitwa, kudiwa kwezvimbi, kushatiswa kwenzvimbo, uye kusvibiswa. whale shark Yakanyorwa na kutyisa kwakanyanyaand the basking shark Imhuka yakachengetedzwa munzvimbo dzakawanda. Kuchengetedza kunoda mitemo yekubata hove inoshanda, kuchengetedzwa kwe nzira dzekutama uye nzvimbo dzekuberekera, uye kudzikiswa kwekuda kwezvigadzirwa zvinobva.
Nezvekuchengeteka pagungwa, mutemo mukuru ndewokuti ruremekedzo uye chinhambweMazhinji shark haaone vanhu semhuka. Dzivisa nzvimbo dzekudyisa mhuka dzemugungwa manheru, usatakura hove dzakabatwa pedyo nemuviri wako paunenge uchinyura, uye chengetedza. maitiro asingapindiri Izvi zvinowedzera kuderedza njodzi yatove yakaderera. Diving ine mutoro nemasefa-feeding shark, inoitiswa nevanoshanda vane certified, inogona kuve yakachengeteka uye inoshandura ruzivo iyo inosimudzirawo kuchengetedza kwayo kuburikidza ne ecotourism.
Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa nezve "hombe shark"
Chii chinonzi shark mhenyu huru? El whale shark nekureba uye kuwanda. Iyo ine runyararo uye cosmopolitan sefa feeder mumvura inodziya.
Ndeipi yaiva shark huru munhoroondo? El megalodonShark yakatsakatika yakapfuura nekure chero shark yemazuva ano muhukuru uye simba rekuruma.
Ko hove chena hombe ndiyo mhuka hurusa inogara mugungwa here? Icho chimwe chezva apex predators yakakura uye yakawanda yakadzidzwa, asi iripo mhondi marwenga nemamwe macetaceans anokwikwidza kana kudarika saizi yayo. Pakati pemashaki anodya, zvechokwadi ndeimwe yehombe.
Masayendisiti anofungidzira sei ukuru hweshaki dzakatsakatika? Usan mazino y vertebrae, pamwe chete nenhamba dzakasimbiswa hukama mumhando dzazvino, kuextrapolate kureba uye kuwanda.
Inokurumidza gwara rekuziva mashaki makuru kubva kuchinyorwa
- Whale shark: muenzaniso we moles nemitsetse; muromo wakafara kwazvo kumberi; sefa; dzinopisa.
- Basking shark: muromo mukuru semicircular; inoshambira yakashama muromo; prominent dorsal fin; kudzikama-kutonhora.
- Great White: conical mhino, muviri wakasimba bicolor (dorsal grey, ventral white), mazino matatu ane serration.
- Megalodon (yakapera): inozivikanwa ne mazino makuru triangular; hapana zviratidzo zvinoonekwa zvemazuva ano.
Nezvose zviri pamusoro, tinogona kutaura kuti “shark hombe pasi rose” ine mhinduro mbiri dzinopindirana: whale shark ndiye hofori pakati pamarudzi rarama shark and the megalodon Akanga ari colossus pakati pe extinctKuziva maitiro avo, kunzwisisa kuti hukuru hwavo hunofungidzirwa sei, uye kusaziva maitiro avo kunotibatsira vaonge uye vadzivirire Zvirinani. Ndinovimba ruzivo urwu runokubatsira kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve shark hombe pasirese.
