Salmon yave chiratidzo chechisikigo chekusimba uye kuchinjika, ichikwezva kutarisisa kwesainzi nevadi vezvisikwa nekuda kwavo. kutenderera kwehupenyu kusingaenzaniswi uye kutama kwayo kukuruRwendo rwavanotora kubva kunzizi kwavanoberekerwa kunyanza uye kudzoka kwavo kunobereka ndeimwe yenyaya dzine simba kwazvo mumhuka. Iyi nzira haingoratidzi simba ravo remusikirwo, asiwo inoita basa rakakosha mune zvipenyu zvemumvura, kutakura zvinovaka muviri uye kutsigira mhando dzakawanda parwendo rwavo.
Unoda kuziva zvakadzama kuti hupenyu hwesalmon hunokura sei, nhanho dzayo, denho dzazvinonangana nazvo, uye ukoshi hwahwo hwezvakatipoteredza? Sangana nesu kuti tiwane chikamu chimwe nechimwe zvakadzama, kupenga kwesainzi kwakachikomberedza, uye kuti zviito zvevanhu zvinokanganisa sei ramangwana racho.
Nhoroondo yesalmon: mavambo uye kugovera
Kuva wejenasi Oncorhynchus (munyaya yePacific salmon) uye Mapipi (yeAtlantic salmon), hove idzi kubva ku mhuri yesalmonid Vakagara pasi kubva kare. Dzinza ravo rakatangira makore anopfuura mamiriyoni zana, zvichiita chikamu chehove dze teleost dzaigara mumakungwa apo madhinainari akanga achiri kutonga Nyika.
Yakagadzirirwa kumvura yakachena uye ine munyuSalmon ihove anadromous, inokwanisa kurarama munzvimbo mbiri nekuda kwekuchinja kukuru kwemuviri. Kugovera kwavo kwechisikigo kunofukidza kunyanya kuNorthern Hemisphere, kunosvika kuchamhembe kwePacific Ocean (nemarudzi akadai sockeye, coho, chinook, chum, uye pink salmon) neNorth Atlantic, uko salmon yeAtlantic (Mapira salar) ine mukurumbira muNorth America neEurope. Mamwe marudzi anosvika munzvimbo dziri pedyo neGulf of Mexico, asi zvavanofarira zvagara zviri zve mvura inotonhora, yakachena, ine oxygen yakawanda.
Mukushanduka-shanduka kwavo kwese, salmon yakakudziridza hunhu hunoshamisa hwekutama. Nepo sainzi ichiri kutsvaga mhinduro dzechokwadi nezve nzira dzinovabvumira kuti vadzoke nemazvo kurwizi rwavo rwekuzvarwa, zvinozivikanwa kuti vanoshandisa musanganiswa we ndangariro yekunhuhwirira uye kunzwa kune magineti ePasi, basa rinoramba richifadza vatsvakurudzi.
Hupenyu hunoshamisa hwesaumoni
Hatching: Mazai uye Fry Stage
Kunobva: David Álvarez http://www.naturalezacantabrica.es/2012/01/
Zvose zvinotanga mukati hova dzemvura yakachena nenzizi, uko vakadzi vanochera matendere anonzi "redds" mumubhedha wematombo. Pano vanoisa zviuru zvemazai, ayo murume anoberekesa kunze. Mazai anoramba akadzivirirwa pasi pevhu, achigamuchira okisijeni inoyerera nemumvura uye kuchengetedzwa kwakakodzera kubva kune zvikara.
La incubation inotora mavhiki akawanda, zvichienderana nekupisa uye kunaka kwemvura. Vashoma muzana chete ndivo vanopona nezvinhu zvakadai sekusvibiswa kana kudzvinyirirwa. Pakuberekwa, vaduku, vanonzi fry, vanochengetedza a yolk sac zvakabatanidzwa nemiviri yavo, mavanowana zvinovaka muviri zvakakosha mumavhiki avo ekutanga ehupenyu. Munguva iyi, vanoramba vakavigwa mumatombo, anomiririra a yakakosha bhodhoro kuitira kurarama kwemarudzi.
- Nguva yechikamu ichi: mavhiki akawanda kusvika yolk sac yapera.
- Kutyisidzira kukuru: kuchinja kwetembiricha, kusvibiswa, kunyura uye zvikara.
Vechidiki mumvura yakachena: iyo smolt kana parr nhanho
Kana vapedza kushandisa yolk sac yavo, fry inobuda mumvura isina kudzika yobva yava mhungu (kana maparrs nekuda kwehunhu hwawo hwakamira) - danho iri rinotora nguva. Makore 1 kusvika 3 zvichienderana nemhando uye zvakatipoteredza. Ivo vanodya zvakanyanya pazvipembenene, plankton, uye diki invertebrates, vachigadzira nzira dzekuvharira kudzivirira zvikara.
Munguva iyi:
- Vanotsvaka nzvimbo dzakanyarara kubva murwizi kuti vazvidzivirire uye vazvidyise.
- Makwikwi ezvekudya nepekugara Izvi zvinoreva kuti havasi vese vanosvika padanho rinotevera.
- Aya matanho ekutanga anowanzo kupa zvinotevera: huwandu hwevanhu vanofa, zvakare yakakanganiswa nekushandurwa kwekugara uye kunaka kwemvura.
Smoltification: kugadzirira hupenyu mugungwa
Pakusvika pakukura uye kukura, sprain inopinda zvakadzama physiological shanduko inonzi smoltificationPanguva iyi, miviri yavo inochinja zvishoma nezvishoma kuti isapinda munyu mugungwa. Iyo smolts inogadzira silvery coloration, iyo inovatungamira kuti vanzi smolts, zvichivabvumira uzvifukidze mumvura yakashama uye kuderedza njodzi yezvikara.
- Physiology: gadzirisa osmoregulation yavo kushivirira mvura yemunyu.
- Maitiro: Vanowanzo kuungana pamwe chete votanga kudzika nerwizi vakananga kumakova.
- Vanopedza nguva vachijairana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma vasati vaenda kugungwa.
Oceanic migration: kukura mugungwa rakashama
Kana kunyungudika kwapera, salmon yechidiki vanofamba rwendo rwakaoma vachidzika norwizi kutozosvikira vasvika kunyanza, kwavachararama huzhinjisa hwoupenyu hwavo hwavakuru. Zvichienderana nemarudzi, vanogona kufamba mazana kana kunyange zviuru zvemakiromita panguva ino.
Panguva yake marine stage:
- Vanodyisa de peces madiki crustaceans uye molluscs, kukura nokukurumidza uye kuunganidza simba rekuchengetedza.
- Vakatarisana zvikara zvitsva sehove hombe, mhuka dzemugungwa neshiri.
- Nguva yavanopedza vari mugungwa inosiyana pakati pemakore 1 kusvika ku5, zvichienderana nemarudzi uye zvakatipoteredza.
- Mamwe marudzi anogona kufamba makiromita anodarika 6.000 kubva kwaakaberekerwa.
Panguva ino, salmon inogona kurema kubva pa2 kusvika ku8 kg kana kutopfuura mumhando dzakadai seChinook, inova salmon yakakura.
Kudzoka: kutamira kurwizi rwekuzvarwa uye kubereka
Pavanosvika pakukura kwepabonde, salmon vanotanga rwendo rwavo rwekare rwekudzoka kurwizi kwavakaberekerwa, kutama kunokwanisa kufukidza zviuru zvemakiromita kutarisana nemhepo. Vachishandisa pfungwa yavo yekunhuwa uye kutaridzika kwemagineti, vanogona kunyatsoona nzvimbo yavo yekuzvarwa, mune inonzi "homing."
- Kudzoka kunoitika muzvikoro zvakabatana, kazhinji zvakaunganidzwa nemhando nezera.
- Vakatarisana mafungu akasimba, zvipingamupinyi zvepanyama uye zvekugadzira (mhuka, kusvibiswa), pamwe chete nezvikara zvakadai mapere, shiri nemhuka dzinoyamwisa.
- Panguva yekutama uku, salmon anomira kudyisa uye inoshandisa mafuta ayo anochengeterwa kupedza rwendo.
Kuedza kwakanyanya uku kunokanganisa zvakanyanya mamiriro avo emuviri. Vashomanana chete vevanhu vanotanga rwendo vanonyatsosvika kunzvimbo dzekuberekera.
Kubereka: Kubereka uye Ecological Legacy
Munzvimbo yekuberekesa, hadzi inovaka matendere matsva murwizi rwerwizi, ichinyatsosarudza nzvimbo yakakwana nematombo, dzimwe nguva ichigadzira matendere mashanu akatevedzana. Anowanzoisa pakati 500 uye 1.000 mazai padendere, ukuwo murume achizvisanganisa nekuburitsa urume hwake paari.
Maitiro chaiwo mushure mekusangana anoratidzwa: mukadzi anoshandisa muswe wake kuvhara zvinyoro nyoro mazai nematombo, achiadzivirira kubva kune kunze kwekutyisidzira uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti okisijeni inodiwa pakukura kwavo.
- Mumarudzi akawanda, Salmon yakakura inofa nguva pfupi mushure mekubereka, nokudaro kupedza "semelparous" life cycle (kubereka kamwe chete usati wafa).
- Zvisinei, salmon yeAtlantic (Mapira salar) inogona kupona uye kudzokera kugungwa, ichidzokorora kutenderera kakawanda.
- Mitumbi yesalmon yakafa inopa zvakakosha zvemugungwa zvinovaka muviri kunzizi zvipenyu zvipenyu nemarudzi akapoterera, zvichiita kuti salmon ive mhando yakakosha yezvipenyu zvemumvura nepasi.
Nhanho yekuberekesa iri panjodzi yekuita kwevanhu: kusvibiswa, madhamu, kutemwa kwemasango uye kubata hove zvakanyanyisa Vanoisa mungozi zvose kubudirira kubereka uye kurarama kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera zvesalmon.
Kusiyana kwekutenderera uye zvakanyanya zviratidzo zvemarudzi
Pane misiyano yakakosha pakati pezvipenyu zvinoenderana nekugoverwa kwenzvimbo uye biology:
- El salmon yeAtlantic (Mapira salar) anogara zvikurukuru muNorth America neEurope; vamwe vanhu vanogona kurarama mushure mekubereka uye kudzokorora kutama.
- In the Pacific vanosimbisa iyo tsvuku kana sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), the chinook, the coho, the mukomana and the pingi; vazhinji vanofa mushure mekubereka.
- El kutenderera kwehupenyu kunosiyana pakati pe2 ne6 makore zvichienderana nemhando, nguva mumvura yakachena uye munyanza, pamwe nemamiriro ekunze.
Ecological kukosha kwesaumoni: mbiru yezvipenyu
Salmon inoita basa rakakosha mune ecosystems kwavanogara:
- Padzinofa dzabereka, dzinotakura zvokudya zvomugungwa kumusoro kwerwizi, kupfumisa ivhu, kutsigira zvipembenene zvemumvura, zvinomera, shiri nemhuka dzinoyamwisa (mapere, makondo, otters, nezvimwewo).
- Salmon inonzi a keystone marudzi kana "ecological engineer", sezvo kutenderera kwehupenyu hwayo kunochengetedza chiyero uye kubereka munzizi nemhenderekedzo yegungwa.
Tsvagiridzo yesainzi yakaratidza kuti kuwanda kwesalmon kunokanganisa sei hutano hwemasango nevhu rakatenderedza, nekuda kwekupa kwenitrogen uye phosphorus kubva mugungwa.
Scientific curiosities uye zvichangobva kuwanikwa
- Olfactory memory uye navigation: Salmon "inorekodha" kunhuhwirira kwenzvimbo yavo yekuzvarirwa uye vanoshandisa pfungwa yavo yekunhuwidza, pamwe nekuona kwenzvimbo yemagineti, kufamba panguva yekutama kwavo.
- Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza makemikari emakemikari-akadai semamwe maamino acids aripo mumasara edoro anovirisa-anogona kubatsira kukurudzira salmon kukwevera kunzvimbo dzakadzoreredzwa dzekuzarisa kana nzizi.
- Iyo homing tekinoroji inoramba iri nyaya yekutsvagisa, ichipa tariro kune iyo kuchengetedza uye kugariswa kwevanhu munzvimbo dziri panjodzi.
Kuchengetedza uye kuenderera mberi nematambudziko
Ramangwana rehuwandu hwesalmon riri panjodzi nekuda kwekutyisidzira kwakawanda:
- Kuredza zvakanyanya uye kukohwa kwakanyanya kwekutengesa izvo zvinoderedza zvakanyanya nhamba yevakuru vanobereka.
- kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo nemadhamu, migero, kutemwa kwemasango uye kukura kwemaguta pedyo nenzizi dzinobereka.
- Shanduko Yemamiriro ekunze iyo inoshandura tembiricha yegungwa uye kuyerera kwenzizi, zvichikanganisa zvose zvekudya nekubudirira kwekubereka.
- Kusvibiswa kwemarara nemapurasitiki iyo inobata zvakananga mazai uye fry, kuderedza mararamiro ekupona.
Pane kuedza kwepasi rose kwakanangwa Kudzoreredza Habitat, kudzora hove, uye zvirongwa zvekudzoreredza Kuburikidza nekuzvarirwa. Kuchengetedza nzizi dzine hutano uye kuchengetedza nzira dzinofamba-famba kwakakosha kuti hupenyu hwesalmon irambe ichizadzisa basa rayo rekuchengetedza zvisikwa uye kudya kunovaka muviri.
Gore roga roga, zviuru zvevanhu nemasangano vanoshanda kuti vave nechokwadi chekupona kwesalmon, vachiziva kuti kugara kwavo zvakanaka kwakabatana nekwezvimwe zvipenyu zvakawanda uye, pakupedzisira, kuenzana kwezvipenyu zvemvura uye zvepasi.
La salmon feat Iyo inyaya yekutsungirira, shanduko, uye yakadzama yekubatana kwe ecological. Kubva pakuzvarwa kwayo kwokuzvininipisa pasi pematombo erukova kusvika pakudzoka kwayo kworukundo kuti ipfuudzire mhuka, salmon inotidzidzisa kukosha kwokutsungirira, kuyeuka kwomuzvarirwo, uye kudiwa kwokuchengetedza nzvimbo dzinogara dzinogonesa urwu rwendo runoshamisa. Kunzwisisa kutenderera kwehupenyu hwayo zvakare kukokwa kwekutora chikamu mukuchengetedza kwayo uye kukoshesa basa risingatsivike rarinoita muchisikirwo.