Ose maviri makungwa nemakungwa ari, pasina mubvunzo, ndeimwe yemanyuko yakapfuma mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvipenyu panyika Nyika. Dzimba dzayo dzomukati dzine mauto asingaverengeki anoita kuti ive nzvimbo inofadza. Hondo dzinosiyana zvakanyanya muchimiro chavo, saizi, ruvara, maitiro, nzira dzekubereka, uye nzira dzekudya.
Zviripachena, zvipenyu zvemumvura zvakasiyana kwazvo kubva kune mumwe nemumwe. Hunhu hwavo hunogona kusiyana zvakanyanya, izvo zvine zvazvinoita pane yavo kugona kugarwa o kwete.
Nenzira ine mufungo, hazvina kufanana kugara mumvura isina kudzika kana kuti pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa. Ikoko, iyo chiedza chinowedzera kuwanda, tembiricha inoramba ichichinja-chinja, uye mafambiro emvura uye mafambiro emvura anowanzogara uye dzimwe nguva ane ngozi. Zvisinei, apo patinodzika mukadzika, tinosangana nea zvakasiyana zvachose panorama: rima, BP, kushomeka kwezvokudya, uye kugadzikana kwemafuta. Nechikonzero ichi, zvipenyu zvinosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nenzvimbo yegungwa kana gungwa mavanogara.
Apa ndipo panoonekwa mazwi maviri akakosha: pelagic y benthic.
Pelagic uye benthic
Pelagic inoreva chikamu chegungwa chiri pamusoro pe pelagic zone. Ndiko kuti mbiru yemvura iyo isingabatani nepasi uye inotambanuka kubva pamusoro ichipinda mugungwa, ingave pasherufu yekondinendi kana mugungwa rakashama. Benthic, kune rumwe rutivi, inopesana: inobatana nezvose yakabatana negungwa uye pasi pegungwa, kusanganisira mashanga epamusoro uye zvidimbu zviri pasi apa.
Mukutaura, zvisikwa zvipenyu zvemvura, pakati pehove, zvakakamurwa kuva mhuri mbiri huru: pelagic zvisikwa y benthic zvipenyu.
Tsanangudzo yezvipembenene
Kana tichitaura nezve pelagic organisms, tinoreva kune marudzi ese anogara mairi mvura yepakati pemakungwa nemakungwa, kana padyo nepadenga. Naizvozvo, zviri pachena kuti aya marudzi ehupenyu hwemumvura anoganhura kusangana nepasi, kunyangwe mamwe marudzi achifamba kusvika pakadzika zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwawo.
Iwo akagoverwa munzvimbo dzakavhenekerwa zvakanaka dzinogona kubva kumusoro pachayo kusvika ku200 metres kudzika. Mutsara uyu unozivikanwa se photic zone (kana kuti euphotic), apo chiedza chinobvumira photosynthesis. Pazasi, mwenje uye tembiricha gradient inochinja zvakanyanya.
Kuti unzwisise zviri nani iyo pelagic domain, inowanzo patsanurwa yekugeza muzvikamu zvine akasiyana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza:
- Epipelagic zone (0–200 m): yakavhenekerwa, ine simba chibereko chekutanga uye kuchinja kwekushisa kwemwaka. Ndiyo nzvimbo ine vanhu vakawanda.
- Mesopelagic zone (200–1.000 m): Chiedza chakaderera kwazvo; inonzi thermal transition. Nzira dzakadai se zuva nezuva vertical migration uye bioluminescence.
- Bathypelagic zone (1.000–3.000 m): rima risingaperi, tembiricha inotonhora uye kudzvinyirira kwakanyanya.
- Abyssopelagic uye hadopelagic zone (> 3.000 m): zvakadzika zvakanyanya, high pressures uye kugadzikana, tembiricha yakaderera.
Munzvimbo nhatu dzekupedzisira, rima chairo, kumanikidza kwakanyanya uye tembiricha dzinogara dziripo; saka, zvose zviri zviviri kusiyana s biomass Vanowanzo kuderera zvakanyanya maererano nepamusoro pepamusoro.
Kubva pane morphological uye inoshanda maonero, akawanda epipelagic marudzi ane muviri fusiform uye hydrodynamic, tsandanyama uye zvimbi zvine simba zvinokwanisa kuramba zvichimhanya zvikuru. Muvara wakajairika ndia dorsal-ventral musiyano (ruvara rwebhuruu-ruvara kana rima kumusoro uye sirivheri/chena pamativi nedumbu), izvo zvinofarira kuvharika kunoonekwa kubva kumusoro nepasi. Mamwe marudzi anoshanda zvakanyanya anoratidza tsvuku musculature uye regional thermoregulationMuzviitiko zvakanyanyisa, dundira rekushambira rinogona kunge risipo, zvichiita kuti urambe uchishambira (semuenzaniso, imwe tuna) uye kufefetedza nemhepo. ram-ventilation munyaya yemamwe elasmobranchs.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti muvengi mukuru wezvizhinji zvezvipenyu izvi ndiye hove dzisingasarudze, iyo inoderedza huwandu hwevanhu uye inoshandura mawebhu ezvokudya.
Kune matatu mapoka makuru ezvipenyu zvepelagic maererano nekugona kwavo kufamba uye hukama hwavo nepamusoro: nekton, plankton uye neuston.
nekton
Imba yehove, turtles, cetaceans, cephalopods, nezvimwe. Izvi zvipenyu izvo, nekuda kwekufamba kwazvo, inogona kurwisa mafambiro emugungwa uye kushingaira kufamba mukutsvaga chikafu, kubereka kana nzira dzekufambisa.
Plankton
Inoratidzwa nekuve nediki, dzimwe nguva diki diki. Inogona kuva yemhando yemiti (phytoplankton) kana mhuka (zooplankton) Nekuda kwechimiro chayo uye kusimba kwayo, mafungu haakundi uye vanozvuzvurudzwa navo, kunyangwe vaine mafambisirwo akanyatsojeka uye nzira dzekuyangarara.
neuston
Ndivo zvipenyu zviya zvinogara munyika pamusoro microfilm yemvura (air-water interface), kwavanotora mukana wezvakasiyana zviwanikwa zvenzvimbo iyoyo.
Pelagic hove
Kana tikatarisa paboka rinosanganisira hove dzepelagic saizvozvo, tinogona kuita imwe kupatsanurwa kunoenderana nenzvimbo dzemumvura dzavanogara:
Coastal pelagics
Coastal pelagic organisms kazhinji ihove dze kuderedzwa saizi inogara muzvikoro zvihombe zvinotenderera pasherufu yekondinendi uye pedyo nepamusoro. Mienzaniso yeizvi imhuka dzakadai se anchovyla sardine, the anchovy, the mackerel kana the mackerelVanowanzova mhuka dzinoshamwaridzana, nehupenyu hunokurumidza kutenderera, huru trophic plasticity uye kutsamira kwakasimba pakugadzirwa kwemapurusi.
Oceanic pelagics
Mukati meboka iri mune mhando dze saizi yepakati nepakati zvavanowanzoita kutama simba. Ivo vanogovana anatomical maficha nehama dzavo dzemahombekombe, asi akasiyana mune yavo kudya mapatani uye muchiyero chepakati chekufamba kwavo. Pasinei nekukura nekukurumidza uye kubereka kwakanyanya, iyo density yehuwandu hwavo yakaderera, uye kupora kwayo kunonoka, zvakanyanya nekuda kwe kuredza kwakawanda. Hove dzakafanana naye tuna and the Bonito Ndiyo mienzaniso yezvipenyu zveoceanic pelagic; mhando dzakadai se melva kana the tunny mune mamwe matunhu.
Izwi rakafanana kune zvipenyu zvepelagic
Sezvo izwi rekuti "pelagic" rinotsanangura hupenyu mumbiru yemvura, hapana chirevo chakasimba chinoritsiva zvachose. Dzimwe nguva mazwi ane hukama anoshandiswa, sekuti "oceanic» (mugungwa rakashama) kana «neritic» (pasherufu yekondinendi). Zvakakosha kujekesa kuti "abyssal» harisi izwi rakafanana nerekuti pelagic; abyssal zvinoreva a kudzika yakananga mukati megungwa uye inogona kureva mvura dzese dzenzvimbo yegomba uye pasi pegomba, saka kushandiswa kwayo serimwe chirevo hakuna kunaka.
Tsanangudzo yezvisikwa zvebenthic
Benthic organisms ndeavo vanogara mukati mvura icosystems kumashure, kusiyana ne pelagic organisms. Ivo vanosanganisira vese avo vanogara pane substrate (epifauna) sevaya vanogara mairi pasi (infauna) Munzvimbo dzisina kudzika umo chiedza chichiri kusvika, benthic primary vagadziri vanoonekwa photosynthesizers (macroalgae, seagrasses uye phytobenthos microalgae).
Ndatonyudzwa mu aphotic kumashure, isina chiedza uye iri pakadzika dzika, ndiwo zvisikwa zvipenyu zvinotsamira pane organic zvinosara uye tupukanana tunokwevera pasi kubva kumusoro. Chinhu chakasarudzika bhakitiriya chemosynthesizers and the symbiotic, iyo inobudirira panzvimbo dzakadai semvura inopisa mvura pamipata yepakati pegungwa, inotsigira nharaunda dzakaoma pasina kudiwa kwechiedza.
Kuti uvaonge munzvimbo, iyo benthic domain inowanzo kukamurwa kuita:
- Coastal zone: nzvimbo yemahombekombe yakakanganiswa nemafungu; nharaunda dzakajaira exposure/re-emergence.
- Sublittoral zone: kubva pamuganho wakaderera wemvura yakadzika kusvika kumucheto we Continental chikuva.
- Bathyal zone: kutenuka kwekondinendi materu; kuderera kwechiedza uye kuchinja kwekushisa.
- Nzvimbo yakadzikama: mapani akadzika akadzika; kutonhora kwakadzikama uye kumanikidzwa kukuru.
- Hadal zone: migero yakadzika yegungwa; mamiriro akanyanya.
Pakutanga kuona, zvingaita sekuti zvisikwa zvebenthic hazvizivikanwi kwatiri, asi hapana chingave chiri kure kubva kuchokwadi. Pane boka rine mukurumbira rakabatana navo: nekorariMakorari ematombo ndeimwe yematombo anokosha echisikigo, kunyange zvazvo ariwo pakati peanonyanya kutyisidzirwa nemaitiro akadai se trawls nezvimwe zvinokanganisa vanhu.
Zvimwe zvipenyu zvakawanda chikamu chemhuri huru yebenthic, senge echinoderms (nyeredzi uye urchin yegungwa), iyo Pleuronectiformes (marudzi ega uye anoenderana), cephalopods (octopus uye cuttlefish), bivalve y mollusks dzakasiyana-siyana, kuwedzera kune dzakawanda algae nouswa hwegungwa.
Benthic hove
Sezvambotaurwa, mukati mebenthic organisms tinowana idzo hove dziri dzehurongwa Pleuronectiformes, iyo inosanganisira plaice, roosterfish uye sole.
Hove idzi dzinoratidzwa nekamwe morphology. Muviri wavo, wakamanikidzwa zvakanyanya nechemberi kuti uite a chimiro chakatsetseka, haisiyi munhu asina hanya. Kubva fry, vane symmetry mbiri, neziso rimwe kurutivi rumwe norumwe; sezvavanokura, rimwe reziso rinotamira kune rimwe divi. Vakuru, vanozorora pamativi avo, vane muviri wakatsetseka uye maziso kurutivi rwepamusoro.
Semutemo, ivo vari zvikara uye zvikara vanobata mhuka vachishandisa kuvhima kuvhima, yakavharwa pane substrate. Mhuka dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa mune gastronomy nekubata hove ndidzo chete and the turbot. Kune aya anowedzerwa mamwe macharismatic benthic marudzi ane akapfava kana ane matombo pasi, akadai akasiyana kubata chibharo uye chokwadi mitsetse, iyo, zvichienderana nehupenyu hwavo, inogona kunzi benthic kana demersal.
Demersal hove (yepakati pakati pepelagic uye benthic)
Hove demersal vanogara pedyo nechepasi ye littoral, eulittoral uye continental sherufu zones, kazhinji inosvika pakadzika inosvika mazana mashoma emamita. Ivo vanoramba vari mu strata padyo ne substrate, ine mwero mafambiro pairi, uye vanogona kuita kufamba-famba maererano nehupenyu hwavo kana kuti zvavanoda kudya kunovaka muviri.
Pakati pemademersal anozivikanwa zvikuru ndeye hakela blue whiteing and the tsvuku mullet, pakati pevamwe. Kunyangwe ivo vasina kunyatsoita benthic (havapedzi hupenyu hwavo hwese vachisangana nepasi), vanogovana nebenthos chokwadi. trophic affinity uye kugadzirisa kutora mukana wezviwanikwa zveiyo stratum.
Maitiro ekusiyana uye biomass: chinyorwa chekuenzanisa
Kazhinji, iyo pelagic domain ine a mhando shoma kupfuura iyo benthic, asi inosimbisa a vanhu vakawanda zvikuru, kunyanya munzvimbo ye epipelagic. Somuenzaniso, mumakungwa akadai seMediterranean, zvinofungidzirwa kuti, kunyange zvazvo chikamu chikuru kubva muzana chemarudzi anozivikanwa ari ma<em>benthic, chikamu chikuru che huremu hwose hwekubata inobva ku pelagic organisms. Musiyano uyu unoratidza hukuru hukuru hwematanho epamusoro uye basa rakakosha re hove duku pelagic mumadandemutande echikafu nehove.
Kugadziriswa kwakakosha: pelagic vs. benthic
Kuti urarame munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, mhando dzakagadzira maitiro ekusiyanisa:
- Pelagic: miviri hydrodynamic, countershaded (dark back, light belly), zvikoro zve kudzivirira uye kudyisa, kushambira kwakanyanya, kwakagadziridzwa dundira (kana kushanduka kurasikirwa mune vanoramba vachishambira), kutama uye, pakati pemvura, bioluminescence uye kutama kwakatwasuka.
- Benthic: kuvanza uye cryptic coloration, miviri yakatsetseka kana ine zvimiro zve kusungirirwa kune substrate, kuderedza kana kusavapo kwekushambira dundira, nzvimbo kana tsika dzega, kudya ne kuhwandira kana kusefa, kushandiswa kwakanyanya kweiyo microhabitat.
Kukanganisa kwevanhu uye kuchengetedza
Mune ese ari maviri pelagic uye benthic domains, kudzvanywa kwevanhu kunounza zvakakosha. overfishing pahove dzepelagic (kunyanya diki, hwaro hwemaketani mazhinji echikafu) inoshandura chimiro chehuwandu uye kusimba kwezvipenyu. Mune benthos, maitiro akadai se pasi trawl kubvisa tsvina, kukuvadza nzvimbo dzisina kusimba-kusanganisira Coral reef-uye kuderedza kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu. Adaptive manejimendi, kuvharwa kwemwaka, nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzemugungwa, uye sarudzo dzekuredza zvese zvishandiso zvinokosha kuitira kuchengetedza.
Quick glossary uye zvinyorwa zvemashoko
- Pelagic: hupenyu mumbiru yemvura, kure nekusangana zvachose nepasi.
- Benthic (benthos / benthic): pasi-inobatanidzwa hupenyu (pane kana mukati me substrate).
- Epipelagic/mesopelagic/batypelagic/abyssopelagic/hadopelagic: nzvimbo dzakadzika mukati me pelagic domain.
- Littoral/sublittoral/bathyal/abyssal/hadal: nzvimbo dzebenthic domain maererano nokudzika uye nzvimbo.
- Nekton: vanoshambira vanoshingaira; plankton: life adrift; neuston: superficial microlayer.
- Demersal: mhuka dzinorarama pedyo nechepasi asi kwete zvakasimba mazviri.
Zvisikwa inyika inonakidza, uye zvipenyu zvemumvura zvinokodzera chitsauko chazvo. Kukurukura nezve pelagic uye benthic organisms kubva pakuchinja kwechiedza che epipelagic kusvika kune runyararo rwegomba, uye kubva kumafuro euswa hwegungwa anotora carbon kusvika kuflatfish inovanda isingaoneki pamusoro pevhu. Kunzwisisa kwavo kusiyana, nzvimbo, adapta uye hukama nehove hunotibvumira kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti hupenyu hwakarongwa sei mugungwa uye nei kuchengetedzwa kwahwo kuri chinhu chakakosha pakuenzanisa kwepasi.