Imwe yemaitiro akakosha ehupenyu muzvinhu zvipenyu uye, pamusoro pezvose, kune avo vanogara mumagungwa ecosystems ndiyo osmoregulation, inozivikanwawo se osmotic chiyero.
Maitiro ese emagetsi anodikanwa muhupenyu anoitika mune yakasviba kana svikiro svikiro. Nekushanda chaiko kwemaitiro aya, zvinodikanwa kuti kuwanda kwemvura uye solutes (ese akadzika mamorekuru uremu makomputa anobatsira kuchengetedza iyo osmotic chiyero) oscillate mukati memakungwa mashoma, mune imwe nzira inonzi osmoregulation.
Tinogona kutsanangura osmoregulation senzira inochengetedza homeostasis yemuviri, iyo isiri chimwe chinhu kunze kwekugona kwezvipenyu kuchengetedza mamiriro avo emukati akagadzikana zvichienderana neshanduko dzinogona kuitika kunze kuburikidza nekutsinhana kwezvinhu nesimba nazvo.
Zvose izvi zvinoenderana nenzira yakakosha pane kudzorwa kufamba kwe solutes iripo mumvura yemukati uye iyo inowanikwa munharaunda. Izvi zvinotitungamira kune regulation mu kufamba kwemvura kuita basa rinokosha.
Iyi mirau yekufamba kwemvura inoitwa na osmosis, inova chiitiko chemuviri chinobva pakufamba kwemvura inonyungudutsa kuburikidza nemembrane ye semipermeable. Ichi chiitiko chinomuka nekuda kwe a Kusiyana iyo isingade kushandiswa kwesimba uye yakakosha kune chaiyo cellular metabolism yezvipenyu.
Muchidimbu, iyo osmoregulation inobatsira kuve nechokwadi chekuti concentrations ye solutes zviripo mukati mezvipenyu (semuenzaniso, mumaseru) uye nharaunda yakazvipoteredza zvinowanzoenderana inoyerera nemu membranes semipermeable. Ichi chiitiko chinobvumira kugadzirisa kushushikana kwekumanikidza (kumanikidza kunoitwa kuitira kumisa kuyerera kwe solvent inopinda membrane).
Osmotic chiyero mumhuka
Mune mhuka zhinji, zvinwiwa zvinopa masero zviri zvikoi zvichienzaniswa nemvura inogara mukati memasero. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinwiwa zvemukati nekunze kwemasero zvine a zvakafanana osmotic pressureIzvi zvinodzivirira sero kuzvimba zvakanyanya, sezvaizoitika mu hypotonic mhinduro, kana kuunyana, chimwe chinhu chinoitika mu hypertonic mhinduro.
Kugona kuchengeta izvo zvinwiwa zvikoi Pamativi ese eplasma membrane, masero mazhinji anoshandisa inoshanda ion transport (semuenzaniso kupomba Na+ kunze) izvo zvinoda kushandiswa kwesimba, kuzadzisa maitiro ekuita.
Masero emhuka anoona mune isosmotic mhinduro svikiro inokodzera kushanda kwayo nekuvandudzwa kwayo. Mumiti, izvi hazvisizvo: masero emiti anowanikwa mu isosmotic mhinduro anogona kutambura nebvudzi turgor, sezvo rusvingo rwayo rwesero ruchichengeta solutes uye runovimba nekumanikidza kwemukati kwakanyanya.
Passive uye inoshanda kufamba kwemvura nemaion
El passive transit haisanganisi kushandiswa kwesimba: ions Ivo vanosiyana kubva pakati kubva kumusoro kuenda kuzasi kudzika uye, neosmosis, iyo mvura inofamba ichienda kune rimwe divi. Chiyero chekupararira kweionic chinogona kukanganiswa neiyo tembiricha, nepo osmosis inotsamira pane solute gradient.
El active transit inoda metabolic simba. Inoshandiswa kune kubvisa ions yakawandisa (metabolic tsvina) kana ye tora zvinhu zvinodiwa izvo zvinopikisana ne gradient. Muhove, kutakurwa uku kunoitika kunyanya mu gill epithelial masero, in ura and in the itsvo.
Mahomoni uye endocrine kudzora osmoregulation
Osmoregulation inogadziriswa ne mahormoneMuhove dzomugungwa, the cortisol inokurudzira kubuda kwemunyu mumagill; muhove dzemvura yakachena, prolactin inokurudzira kubatwa kweion uye kuchengetedza mvura. calcitonin inokanganisa manejimendi e calcium uye permeability ye membranes. Mukuwedzera, iyo axis GH/IGF-1 (kukura kwehomoni / insulin factor) inofambisa kuenderana kune saline nharaunda, uye teleosts inoshandisa mineralocorticoid receptor ne cortisol se ligand inoshanda kugadzirisa ionic kutakura.
Osmoregulation mumhuka dzomumvura
Mhuka dzemumvura dzakajairana nenzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzekugara, kubva mumvura yakachena (ine shoma shoma solutes) kune hypersaline mvura (ine yakawanda solutes) Izvi zvinovapinza muna taisireva osmotic chiyero zvakasiyana chaizvo. Pamusoro pezvo, mhuka yega yega inoshanda mukati mea ambient osmolarity range kutsunga.
- Pinholes: zvipenyu zvinoshivirira mwero wakamanikana we munyu yezvakatipoteredza, zvose mumvura yakachena uye ine munyu.
- Euryhalines: zvipenyu zvinoshivirira zvakasiyana-siyana munyu, kukwanisa kurarama uye kufamba pakati pemvura yakachena, ine brackish uye yegungwa, somuenzaniso dzimwe dzinotama pakati penzizi negungwa.
Pane nzira mbiri dzekuita izvi: osmoregulation:
El osmoconformism zvinoreva mhuka dziri mukati osmotic chiyero nemhoteredzo yavanogara, kureva kuti, mvura dzemuviri yavo dzinenge zvikoi maererano nemhoteredzo. Ivo kazhinji zvipenyu zvemugungwa, kunyanya mhuka dzakawanda dzisina vertebrae uye dzimwe mhuka dzine mapfupa emapfupa dzinoungana urea uye mamwe maosmolytes kuenzanisa ambient osmotic pressure.
Mhuka vapereviews chengetedza yavo yemukati osmolarity yakasiyana neiyo yepakati, kushingaira kugadzirisa iyo chiyero chemvura uye ions. Mari yesimba inosiyana zvichienderana ne permeability pamusoro pemuviri. Kana iyo osmolarity yemvura yemuviri yakakura kupfuura yezvakatipoteredza, mhuka yacho hyperosmotic; kana iri shoma, idi hypoosmotic.
Acclimatization uye salinity shanduko
The mhando euryhaline (somuenzaniso, dzimwe dzinotama pakati penzizi negungwa) dzinosangana nemamwe matambudziko. Acclimatization yavo inosanganisira zvishoma nezvishoma shanduko mu kutaura kweionic vatakuri mu gills uye ura, kugadzirisa mu kushanda kweitsvo uye yakanaka hormonal regulation (cortisol, prolactin, GH/IGF-1). Shanduko idzi dzinoda nguva uye simba; saka, misiyano yakamwe kamwe mumunyu inogona kuunza osmotic stress.
Osmoregulation mune hove yemvura yakachena
Muhove dzemvura yakachena, kusanganiswa kwe ions muviri mukuru pane uri mumvura. Izvi zvinokonzera a kuparadzirwa kwemvura mukati yehove kuburikidza ne epithelium yemagill uye ganda. Kusina kudzorwa, kuyerera uku kunogona kuzvimba matishu uye kukanganisa mabasa akakosha.
Kuripa, itsvo yehove idzi inogadzira weti yakawanda yakanyanya diluted (high glomerular filtration), iyo inobvumira kudzingwa kwe kuwandisa kwemvura. Sezvo munyu wadzo unopfuura wemhoteredzo, hove dzinorasikirwa electrolyte nokupararira, saka vanofanira reabsorb munyu kuburikidza nemaseru akasarudzika mu gill uye uzviwane kubudikidza nenhaka kudya.
Mubazi re epithelium, ion exchange inobatanidzwa kune ion exchange pachayo. metabolism. Carbon dioxide inoshandurwa kuita soda yekubikisa uye inotsinhaniswa nemaion chlorideneko ammonium (kubva kuprotein catabolism) inogona kudzingwa nekuchinjana nayo sodium. Saka, the kubuda kwemarara inosanganiswa nekuchengetedzwa kwe ionic homeostasis.
El pH yemamiriro emvura kuchinjana uku: munzvimbo dzakawanda asidhi, Na + kutora kwakaoma, uye sodium inogona kuunganidza muropa uye kukonzera edema kana ascites mumhando dzakaoma. Chengeta a yakagadzikana pH uye mukati memhando yezvipenyu zvakakosha kuti udzivise kuvhiringidzika kweosmotic.
Mu aquariophilia, zvinowanzoitika kuwedzera zvishoma zve kwete-chlorinated munyu munzvimbo dzemvura yakachena idzo dzichangobva kufambiswa kana kugadzikana kwebiological kusati kwavepo. Kuvapo kwechokwadi ions mumvura inofambisa kuchinjana mumagill uye inobatsira kudzora ammonia panguva yekukura kwegadziriro. Zvinofanira kuitwa ne mureza uye maererano nemhando, sezvo vamwe vane hanya nekuwedzera mu conductivity.
Osmoregulation muhove yemvura yemunyu
Muhove dzegungwa, nzvimbo yekunze ndeye hyperosmotic maererano nemvura yaro yemukati. Nokudaro, mvura inonaya siya muviri ne osmosis uye ions kubva mugungwa pindai nokuparadzirwa nomugungwa gillNgozi huru ndeye dehydration kana isina kunyatsogadziriswa.
Kuti udzivise kupera mvura mumuviri, marine hove vanonwa mvura yegungwa uye kunwa mvura mu ura mushure mokunaya uye kuparadzanisa chikamu chemunyu. Kuwandisa kwe NaCl Iyo inobviswa mumagill ne chloride masero (akapfuma mumitochondria) anoburitsa cloro kuburikidza nematanho chaiwo uye dzinga sodium nenzira dzeparacellular. Zvimwe zvasara zvinoburitswa ne ndove y urini.
Kusiyana nehove dzemvura yakachena, hove zhinji dzomugungwa dzinobereka weti shoma uye nehuwandu hwechiratidzo chepamusoro. Izvi zvine chekuita nekuderera kwekuvapo kwe glomeruli muitsvo; mamwe marudzi, akadai seahorses, kuita itsvo aglomerular. Kupora mvura uye kuderedza kurasikirwa, vane nguva refu renal tubules uye inobudirira reabsorption michina.
Mugungwa rehove cartilaginous (isingawanikwe mudzimba dzemumvura), zano rakasiyana: ivo osmoconformers izvo zvinounganidza urea nemamwe maosmolyte kuti aenzane neosmotic pressure yayo negungwa, achibvisa munyu wakawandisa kuburikidza nemaglands ane ruzivo. Kutaurwa uku kunoratidza kusiyana kwe mhinduro dzemhindumupindu kune imwecheteyo osmotic dambudziko.
El kushungurudzika inoshandura osmoregulation: kamwe-kamwe kuchinja mukati munyu, kushata kwemvura kana kusatarisira zvakanaka kunoita kuti mvura isagadzikana mahormone uye ionic vatakuri. Kunyangwe iyo cortisol inoita kuti acclimatization kumvura yemunyu, kusagadzikana kusingaperi kunokanganisa epithelial barriers uye kuenzana kwemvura, kuwedzera kukanganisa utachiona.
Zvinoreva mune aquaculture
Mukugadzirwa kwemvura, munyu wemvura ndicho chinhu kutsoropodza yekukura. Osmoregulation inosanganisira a kushandiswa kwesimba iyo, kana yakakwirira, inobvisa zviwanikwa kubva kune kukura yatova kushandura feed. Gadzirisa iyo salinity range optimal by marudzi uye dariro, pamwe chete tembiricha y photoperiod, inowedzera kubereka uye kugara zvakanaka. Mumarine teleosts, kuratidzwa kune hyperosmotic nharaunda inovamanikidza kuwedzera iyo kubuda kwemunyu uye inokwidza mutengo we metabolic; saka, aquaculturists modulanity salinity kuvandudza kushanda y kupona.
Osmotic balance ingaite seyakaoma, asi ndizvo zvakakosha kweupenyu hwose. Kunzwisisa kunobatsira kududzira maitiro uye zvinodiwa nehove, zvese musango uye mu aquarium. Chinokosha kuremekedza zvakatipoteredza ranges yemarudzi ose, dzivisa kuchinja pakarepo uye chengetedza hutano hwemvura hunochengetedza nzira dzayo dzekudzivirira osmoregulation pasina zvisingakoshi simba overcosts.
