Nodulosis muhove: zviratidzo, zvinokonzera, kurapwa, uye kudzivirira kwakakwana

La nodulasi muhove Chirwere chinowanzoitika mu aquariums nemadziva, chinoratidzwa kunyanya ne kuumbwa kwema cysts kana nodules paganda, matinji, zvimbi kana mukati memuviri wehove. Iyi pathology inonyanya kukonzerwa nekuita kwe nodular parasites veboka re myxosporidia uye, kusvika pamwero muduku, nemamwe mafungi asingaoneki. Nodulosis inogona kuita dambudziko rakakura rehutano hwehove, kunyanya kana ikasaonekwa nekukurumidza, sezvo ichipa njodzi yakakura yekupararira mukati me aquarium kuburikidza ne spores maparasite anobuditsa mumvura.

Chii chinonzi nodulasis muhove?

Nodulosis ishoko rinobatanidza zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokonzerwa neunicellular organisms, kunyanya myxosporidia, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nemapundu kana mapundu ehukuru hwakasiyana muhove. Aya mapundu anogona kuwanikwa ese ari pamusoro pemuviri (ganda, zvimbi, gills) uye mukati (tsandanyama uye nhengo). Kazhinji, nodulosis cysts Vane ruvara ocher yakacheneruka, chena, yero kana kupenya uye saizi yadzo inotangira pamamirimita mashoma kusvika pasentimita. Mukati me cysts, zviuru zvespores idzo dzinodya pahove dzinenge dzabatwa uye dzinoumba hwaro hwekutapurirwa kwechirwere.

Causative agents uye nzira yehutachiona

Zvikonzero zvikuru zve nodulosis Ndiwo maparasite eboka Myxosporea (myxosporidia), pakati peiyo genera senge Myxobolus, Henneguya, Dermocystidium, Glugea, Hoferellus, Ichthyosporidium y Nosema. Izvi unicellular organisms Dzinobudisa spores dzinopikisa, dzinokwanisa kurarama kwenguva yakati kunze kwemuenzi uye dzichipararira mumvura. Hupenyu hwemamyxosporidians hunogona kuda mauto echipiri, senge mollusks kana makonye ematope (Tubificidae), kunyange dzimwe nguva ichiparidzirwa zvakananga pakati pehove.

Spores, kamwechete munzvimbo yemvura, inogona kuva kudyiwa nedzimwe hove kana kupinda nemumagill, ganda, kana zvimbi. Chipembenene chinoshandisa polar filament iyo inopfurira kunze uye yakamisa spore kumaseru ehove, zvichiita kuti masporozoite apfuure, ayo anokura kuita machuru. Mune aya ma nodule kana cysts, kupatsanurwa kwesero uye kuberekana kweparasite kunoitika, kugadzira spores nyowani. Kana cyst yakura, inopfava uye inoburitsa spores munzvimbo, ichitangazve kutenderera kwehutachiona mune imwechete hove kana dzimwe hove dziri mumvura.

Hunhu hwe cysts: nzvimbo uye chitarisiko

Nzvimbo yekunze: Cysts inowanzoonekwa zviri nyore paganda, pamusoro pezvimbi uye gill. Munzvimbo idzi, dzinoratidzika semapundu akatenderedzwa, ovha kana akatenderedzwa, ocher, chena, yero, kana kunyange translucent muruvara.
Nzvimbo yemukati: Dzimwe nguva mapundu anokura mumamhasuru kana nhengo dzomukati, dzakadai sechiropa, spleen, itsvo, kana ura hwehove. Muzviitiko izvi, zvinongoonekwa chete kana mhuka yacho yakaparadzaniswa, kunze kwekuti ichikura zvikuru uye ichikanganisa muviri, zvichikonzera kuzvimba.
Saizi uye chimiro: Saizi yema cysts inosiyana kubva pamamilimita kusvika ku 1 centimita. Anowanzo kutenderera kana kuti oval, kunyange zvazvo achigona kuva nemaitiro asina kujairika kana akareba.
Zviripo: Iyo inoumbwa nespores uye inobatana tishu kubva kuhove pachayo, iyo inoedza kuparadzanisa hutachiona.

Mhando de peces zvakanyanya kutarisana ne nodulosis

Nodulosis inokanganisa marudzi akawanda de peces mvura yakachena uye yemugungwa, asi vamwe vane a kuwedzera kubatwa zvinoenderana ne pathogen:

Matende: Myxobolus cyprini inokonzera maronda uye zvipfukuto zvakakora paganda nezvimbi.
Barbs uye Leuciscinae: kunyanya kukanganiswa ne Myxobolus pfeifferi.
Cypriniformes, ruffs uye pikeperches: Myxobolus luciopercae Zvinowanzokonzera kukuvara kwemukati.
Trichogaster, Botias, Synodontis: zvakanyorwa zviitiko mumunharaunda aquariums.
Neons, makadhinari: mune mamwe mishumo, kunyangwe ivo vari kutarisana nezvimwe zvirwere zveparasitic.

Zviratidzo zve nodulosis muhove

Kuziva nodulosis mumatanho ekutanga kwakaoma, asi iyo kuonekwa kwema cysts anooneka Kazhinji ndicho chiratidzo chinonyanya kuzivikanwa. Zviratidzo zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo (yekunze kana yemukati), mamiriro ekudzivirira ehove, uye marudzi ane utachiona:

Mapundu madiki kana mapundu paganda uye zvimbi, zvakacheneruka, zvichena, ocher kana yero muruvara, zvakatenderedzwa muchimiro.
Localized kuzvimba (kunyanya kana cyst iri mukati uye yehukuru hukuru).
Kuparara kwezvimbi (chirwere chechipiri chebhakitiriya).
Kuonekwa kwemaronda kana maronda, dzimwe nguva akafukidzwa nekotoni mold, anoonekwa kana cyst inoputika.
Maitiro asina kujairika: kusava nehanya, kushambira kunononoka kana kusina kurongeka, kufema kwekushanda (apo magill anokanganisa), kushaya simba kwese, kurasikirwa kwechido.
Lethargy uye tsika yekugara pedyo nechepasi.
Kufa zvishoma nezvishoma mukuputika kwakanyanya, kunyanya mune fry kana hove dzisina simba.

Mumatanho epamberi, mamwe ma pathologies anosanganisirwa anogona kuoneka, senge hutachiona hwehutachiona (fin rot, yakakura maronda) kana fungal utachiona (Saprolegnia, semuenzaniso).

Kuongororwa kwechirwere: nzira yekusiyanisa nodulosis kubva kune dzimwe pathologies

Siyanisa nodulosis kubva kune zvimwe zvirwere zvinokonzera cysts, mapundu, kana mapundu paganda rehove inogona kuoma, sezvo pane pathologies yakadai viral lymphocystitis kana mamwe mamota akaipa/akaipa anogadzira maronda akafanana. The kunyatsoongorora inoda microscopic yekutarisa macysts uye histopathological analysis:

Nyatsopatsanura zvipfukuto kubva panzvimbo yakakanganisika (zvakanakisisa zvinoitwa nachiremba ane hunyanzvi hwemhuka).
Dhonza zviri mukati me cyst uye ongorora pasi pe microscope, uchitsvaga spores hunhu hwe myxosporidia (chimiro chine chivharo chakaoma, mavharuvhu maviri, polar capsules ane spiral coiled filaments).
Muhove dzakafa, necropsy inogona kuratidza kupararira kwechirwere kune nhengo dzomukati.

Kusiyanisa kuongororwa kwakakosha, sezvo mamwe marapirwo anosiyana zvakanyanya pakati pezvirwere zveparasitic, hutachiona, uye mabhakitiriya.

Nzira dzekutumira uye zvinhu zvine njodzi

Nodulosis inopararira zvakanyanya ne kunwa kwespores inotapukira iripo mumvura kana yakasungirirwa kurarama chikafu chinoramba chiripo (semuenzaniso, crustaceans, tubifex, mud worms). Spores inogonawo kupinda nemaronda kana mabrasions muepithelium yehove. Ngozi yekutapukirwa inowedzera munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda mvura ine hutsanana, kana kana chikafu chisina kuongororwa chikashandiswa.

ari utachiona hunokonzera Vanogona kurarama kwenguva yakati rebei kunze kwehove dzinogamuchira, izvo zvinowedzera kuoma kwekupedza zvachose chirwere kubva mumvura.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti, kazhinji, Myxosporidia uye mamwe maagent e nodulosis anoratidza hunyanzvi hwekugamuchira; kureva kuti, mhando yega yega yeparasite inonyanya kubata dzimwe hove kwete huwandu hwevanhu vese, kunyangwe kubuda kwemhando dzakasiyana siyana kunowanzoitika munharaunda dzemvura.

Evolution uye prognosis ye nodulosis muhove

La Nodulosis inogona kuitika mune isingaperi kana yakaoma fomu, zvichienderana nehutachiona hwehutachiona uye kurwisa kwehove. Zvirwere zvakapfava, zvemuno zvinogona kuenda zvisingaonekwe uye zvisingaise hupenyu hwehove munjodzi, kunyanya kana cysts isingakonzere maronda emukati kana hutachiona hwechipiri. Zvisinei, apo a utachiona hwakawanda, kufungidzira kunogona kuve kwakakomba, zvichikonzera kufa zvishoma nezvishoma kwezvienzaniso zvakakanganisika, kunyanya mufry, hove dzisina simba kana mhuka dzinonyanya kukurumidza.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti immune system yehove ine matambudziko akakomba ekubvisa hutachiona pachayo, sezvo maparasite anoramba akaputirwa neakabatana tishu, anoramba achishanda uye cyclically kuburitsa spores.

Kurapa nodulasis muhove: pane mushonga unoshanda here?

Parizvino, hapana kurapa kwepasirese uye nesainzi kunoshanda kunoshanda. kubvisa myxosporidian nodulosis mune zvekushongedza uye aquarium hove. Zvisinei, kune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye marapirwo anogona kubatsira kubata chirwere ichi, kudzora kufambira mberi kwayo, nekuvandudza hupenyu hwehove dzakabatwa. Iyo yakanyanya kurongeka nzira inosanganisira anotevera matanho:

1. Kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye kugara wega

Kuparadzanisa hove dzakakanganisika pakarepo kubva kutangi hombe, kuvaendesa kuchipatara kana quarantine aquarium.
Dzivisa kusangana zvakananga nedzimwe hove uye shandisa midziyo yakasiyana (mambure, siphon, mabhakiti emvura, nezvimwewo).
Kana tangi rekuvharira risingagone kugadzikwa uye hove dzakabatwa dziri shoma, zvinokurudzirwa kubvisa zvachose kuchengetedza huwandu hwese hwemvura.

2. Disinfection uye kuchenesa

Nyatsobvisa utachiona iyo huru aquarium (pasina hove uye pasina biological filters) uye zvinhu zvose zvingave zvakaratidzwa kune spores: thermometers, mambure, mafirita, gravel, kushongedzwa.
Shandisai mishonga inouraya utachiona hwemvura yemumvura (potassium permanganate, hypochlorite, 3% hydrogen peroxide, nezvimwewo) uye nyatsogeza musati madzosa mhuka.
Gadzirisa shanduko yemvura isina kukwana uye tarisa kunaka kwemvura neyakagadzikana uye yakakwana paramita yemhando.

3. Kurapa kwezvirwere zvechipiri

Utachiona hwebhakitiriya uye fungal Vanowanzo kuperekedza nodulosis uye kukurumidza kuparara kwehove dzinenge dzabatwa.
Shandisa antiseptic mishonga yakadai malachite green, methylene bhuruu, acriflavine kana zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinowanikwa muzvitoro zvehunyanzvi kurapa kukuvara kweganda uye zvip.
Shandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yekushandiswa kwemhuka (zvakadai se oxytetracycline, amoxicillin, kana chloramphenicol) pasi pemishonga, kunyanya kana maronda emaronda akawandisa. Usaunze mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya muaquarium huru kunze kwekunge ichinyatsodikanwa, sezvo inogona kuparadza maruva anobatsira ebhakitiriya mumasefa.

4. Kuvandudza mamiriro ezvinhu ehove uye zvakatipoteredza

kupa a kudya kwakasiyana-siyana uye kwepamusoro, yakagadziridzwa kune zvinodiwa nemhando (yakanakisa extruded, mhenyu kana chando chikafu, kudzivirira mhuka mhenyu pasina vimbiso yehutano).
Optimize zvakatipoteredza mvura mamiriro: chengetedza tembiricha, pH, kuoma uye oxygenation mukati mehunhu hunokurudzirwa kune zvipenyu zvinochengetwa.
Ita mvura shoma inoshanduka zuva nezuva kana mazuva maviri ega ega panguva yekuvharirwa, kuwedzera zvishoma tembiricha kana mhuka ichizvishivirira kuti isimudzire immune system.
Deredza kushushikana nekudzivisa kuwandisa, ruzha, shanduko dzinongoerekana dzaitika, uye kubata zvisina basa.

5. Dzimwe nzira uye mumatambudziko chaiwo

Muhove hombe uye mune zvakasarudzika zviitiko, nyanzvi dzemhuka dzinogona kuvhiya kubvisa cysts ekunze pasi pe sedation. Iyi tekinoroji inoda ruzivo uye steril mamiriro.
Iko kune mishumo yeasina-iodine mabhati emunyu (3 kusvika 5 magiramu parita ye5-10 maminitsi, kwekanguva kusvika kwemavhiki maviri), asi kushanda kwavo hakugamuchirwi pasi rose uye kunofanira kuitwa nekuchenjerera.
Mimwe mishonga yeantiparasitic (metronidazole, toltrazuril) yakashandiswa mumhando de peces kutengeserana kana kukosha kwepamusoro, asi nguva dzose pasi pezvinyorwa zvechiremba uye kutarisirwa.
Kuti spore iparadzwe mumvura, mapuroteni ekuyedza UV emwaranzi akakurudzirwa munzvimbo dzehunyanzvi, kunyangwe asiri kuwanikwa kudzimba dzemvura.

6. Kuzvipira kubatsira

Muzviitiko zvakakomba kana kuputika kusingadzoreki, mabhuku ehunyanzvi uye vazhinji veterinarians vanopa zano kubviswa kusingarwadzi yehove dzakanyanya kukanganiswa kuti dziparadze chirwere chinotapukira uye kudzivirira vamwe vanhu vose.

Zvigadzirwa uye zvinodhaka zvinonyanya kushandiswa pakurapa nodulosis

Metronidazole: Inoshandiswa kudzora hutachiona hweprotozoan. Typical dosage: piritsi rimwe pa1-20 litres emvura, kudzokorora kurapwa kwemaawa makumi mana nemasere, pasi pekutariswa nenyanzvi.
Oxytetracycline, amoxicillin, chloramphenicolMishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inoshandiswa chete kana paine hutachiona hwechipiri hwehutachiona. Gara uchitevera mirairo yemhuka uye shandisa mutangi rechipatara.
Malachite girini, methylene bhuruu, acriflavine: Broad-spectrum antiseptics kurapa maronda eganda uye kudzivirira superinfection.
Mabhati emunyu asina iodine: semushonga wekuwedzera, kunyanya kune hutachiona hwekunze hunyoro. Isa pachiyero che 3 kusvika ku 5 gramu pa litre kwemaminitsi 5-10, kamwe chete pazuva. Nyatsocherechedza maitiro ehove kuti udzivise osmotic stress.
Zvigadzirwa zvinotengeswa muzvitoro zvehunyanzvi nokuda kwezvirwere zvechipiri, nguva dzose uchitevera mirairo yemugadziri.

Kudzivirira nodulosis mu aquariums uye madziva

Nzira yakanakisa yekurwisa nodulosis ndeye a kudzivirira kwakasimba uye kuchengetedza yakakwana aquarium mamiriro. Matanho akakosha ekudzivirira anosanganisira:

Quarantine yehove itsva nezvirimwa usati wavawedzera kune aquarium.
- Chengetedza vagari vatsva kwemavhiki e2-4 mune imwe tangi, uchicherechedza kutaridzika kwezviratidzo.
Hutsanana hwakasimba yetangi uye zvese zvishongedzo: kugara kucheneswa kwepasi, kushongedza uye mafirita.
Kudzora uye kuongorora mvura: Parameters senge tembiricha, pH, kuoma, nitrites, nitrate uye ammonia zvinofanirwa kutariswa uye kugadzikana.
Dzivisa kuwandisa uye kushushikana kubva mukumanikidzwa kugarisana kwemarudzi asingawirirani.
Shandisa chikafu chakachengeteka uye chemhando yepamusoro chete: dzivisa kudyisa chikafu chipenyu chakaunganidzwa musango kana chine mavambo asina chokwadi, pamwe nemakorustasi emusango anogona kutakura utachiona hunotapukira.
Ibva wabvisa hove uchiratidza zviratidzo zvekufungira.
Ipa ruzivo rwehutano nedzidzo pakati pe aquarists uye vapfuri kudzivirira kuiswa uye kupararira kwezvirwere zveparasitic.

Misiyano pakati penodulosis nezvimwe zvirwere zvemanodule muhove

Izvo zvakakosha kuti usapesanisa parasitic nodulosis nemamwe akajairika aquarium pathologies:

Viral lymphocystitis: Inoratidzwa nekuonekwa kwemanodule machena, inowanzova yehutachiona uye haina hukama ne myxosporidia. Kufungidzira uye manejimendi zvinosiyana.
Papillomas nemamota: kukura kwetishu kusiri kujairika, uko kunogona kuve kwakashata kana kukuvadza. Izvo hazvitapurirane uye hazvisununguri spores.
Trematode cysts: Zvinokonzerawo mapundu, asi kazhinji nemaitiro mashoma ekukonzera maronda uye njodzi shoma yekutapurirana mukati me aquarium.

Paunenge usina chokwadi, kuongororwa kwemicroscope nachiremba wezvipfuyo kwakakosha pakurapwa kwakakodzera.

Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa nezve nodulosis muhove

Ko nodulosis inogona kukanganisa hove dzese dziri mu aquarium? Kwete nguva dzose. Zvinoenderana nemhando yeparasite uye kubatwa kwehove imwe neimwe. Zvisinei, hutachiona hwakapararira hunogoneka kana hutsanana uye matanho ekudzivirira asina kutorwa.
Pane mushonga wenodulosis here? Hapana mushonga unogamuchirwa pasi rose wenodulosis. Kurapa kunobatsira kudzora zviratidzo uye kudzivirira kupararira, kutarisa nezvekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza nekudzivirira.
Inogona kutapurirwa kuvanhu here? Kwete, nodulosis chirwere chaicho de peces uye haina kuisa njodzi kuvanhu.
Ndeupi rudzi rwechiremba wemhuka waunobvunza mumatambudziko akakomba? Zvinokurudzirwa kubvunza veterinarians vanoita zvekunze kana mhuka dzemumvura, sezvo vachigona kuongorora nekugadzirisa marapiro.
Ndeipi nguva yekusunungura hove ine utachiona? Kana mhuka yacho yakakuvara zvakakomba, iri kutambura zviri pachena, haikwanise kuzvidyisa, kana kubuda kwacho kuchityisidzira nharaunda yese, zviri nani kusarudza nzira dzeunhu dzeeuthanasia uye kuuraya hutachiona hunotevera.

Mhosva chaidzo uye zviitiko mu aquariums

Zvinyorwa uye nharaunda ye aquarium yakanyora zvakasiyana-siyana zviitiko zvinoshanda zve nodulosis mumhando dzakadai seTrichogaster, barbs, koi carp uye ramirezisMune vazhinji vavo, iyo kukurumidza kuparadzana yehove uye kusanganiswa kwe Mabhati emunyu, antiseptics uye antibiotics kune zvirwere zvechipiri yakapa mhedzisiro, asi kupedzwa zvachose kweparasite hakuwanzo kuwanikwa kana mazamu emukati akakura atoonekwa.

Vamwe vanoita zvekuzvivaraidza vakaedza marapirwo akadai sekugezesa kwemunyu kusina iodine (3-5 magiramu/litre, maminitsi 5-10 zuva nezuva kwemazuva 10-14) uye nguva dzose inoperekedzwa nekunyatsocherechedza kuti udzivise kushungurudzika.

Zvirwere zvechipiri (fungal, bhakitiriya) zvinowanzoda kurapwa ne malachite girini, methylene yebhuruu kana yakagadziridzwa zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa, nguva dzose pasina kudarika inokurudzirwa doses.

Dzimwe nguva the kudya kwakapfuma uye kwakasiyana-siyana Inoita kuti hove dzive dzakasimba uye dzinokwanisa kutarisana nehutachiona kwenguva yakareba, kunyanya kana nzvimbo yemapundu isingakanganisi nhengo dzinokosha.

Kuwedzera kurudziro yekutarisira nodulosis muhove

Document clinical cases mune rekodhi, tichicherechedza mazuva ekutanga, zviratidzo, marapirwo akashandiswa uye shanduko.
Nyatsocherechedza maitiro ezuva nezuva ehove: Kuchinja kwekuda kudya, kushambira, kugarisana nevamwe, kana zviratidzo zvekushushikana zvinogona kuratidza matambudziko ehutano kunyangwe pasina magunduru ari pachena anoonekwa.
Edza kuita periodic water analysis kuona kuvepo kwezvinosvibisa zvinogona kuderedza kudzivirirwa kwehove.
Dzivisa kuzvirapa uye gara uchibvunzana nevarapi vezvipfuyo vanoita zvehove dzemu aquarium pese pazvinogoneka.

Inokurudzirwa bhaibheri uye zviwanikwa

Kuona uye kudzora nodulosis muhove kunoda kunyatsotarisisa kune zvakadzama, kudzivirira kwakasimba, uye kuenderera mberi kwekuchengetedza aquarium. Kunyangwe pasati pasati pave nekunyatso kurapa kwechirwere ichi, musanganiswa wekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, kudzivirira, kuvandudzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kurapa kwechiratidzo kunogona kuve nehupenyu hwakanaka hwehove dzakakanganisika uye kudzivirira kubuda kwakanyanya mu aquarium. Kana usina chokwadi, kubvunza chiremba wezvipfuyo ane hunyanzvi ndiyo nguva dzose sarudzo yakanakisa yehutano hwehove dzako.

Depeces