Isu tinodzokera kune prehistory kuti tiyeuke hombe shark iyo yatinongoziva yakasara, asi iyo ine ecological tsoka yakaratidza makungwa kwemamiriyoni emakore: the Megalodon sharkZita rayo, rechiGiriki, rinoreva zino guru Uye chirevo chaicho chechinangwa. Aigara pakati pe Miocene uye PlioceneMunguva yeCenozoic, chaive chimwe chezvisikwa zvinoshamisa zvakambofamba nechikepe mumakungwa. Nhasi yakatsakatika, asi zvayo fossilized mazino uye vertebrae tibvumire kuti tivake patsva nekururama kwakakura biology yavo, yavo habitatake kudya uye kukanganisa kwayo pamaketani ezvokudya zvekare.
Mumitsetse inotevera iwe unowana yakakwana, yemazuva ano uye yakadzama dhairekitori pamusoro peiyi superpredator yemugungwa: hunhu hwemuviri, kupatsanura, saizi, simba rekuruma, kugovera, kudya, nzira dzekuvhima uye zvikonzero zvekunyangarika kwayo. Zvose izvi zvinosanganiswa nezvinowanikwa zvakanyanya kubva muzvinyorwa zvesayenzi zvemazuva ano, pasina kurasikirwa nemubvunzo unokosha: kuti megalodon yakanga yakaita sei uye kuti yaigara sei.
Mhando huru
Mune taxonomy yemazuva ano, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinoisa megalodon mumhuri Otodontidae uye mukati merudzi OtodusNaizvozvo, rinowanzotaurwa se Otodus megalodonIyi reclassification inobva pane mazino morphology Uye mukuenzanisa nemamwe mafossil mutsara ane hukama, anobva pamaonero echinyakare akaiisa parutivi rwemazuva ano lamnids senge hombe chena shark. Nyangwe zvakadaro, enzaniso yezvipenyu nemuchena mukuru inoramba ichibatsira pakufungidzira mativi nechiyero.
Kufanana nehove dzose, skeleton yayo yaiva cartilaginouskuitira kuti zvinyorwa zvezvicherwa zvichengetedze zvakanyanya mazino y vertebral centersHuwandu hwekufungidzira hwakasimba hwakagadzirwa kubva pane izvi. Mamiriro ekureba kwemuviri anonongedzera kune zvienzaniso zvaive pedyo [ruzivo rwusipo]. 10-11 mamitanevanhu vakuru vaizopfuura zviri nyore 16 mamita uye inonzwisisika yepamusoro kukosha pamusoro pe 18-20 mamita muzviitiko zvakasiyana. Nhamba idzi dzinowanikwa kuburikidza hukama hwehuwandu pakati pezviyero zvemazino (kureba nehupamhi hwekorona, upamhi hwemidzi) uye hurefu hwakazara mumaanalogue mhenyu.
Panyaya yehukuru, biomechanical modhi inoisa vanhu vakuru mumakumi ematani. Hazvishamisi kuona fungidziro dzakapoteredza 50-60 matani nokuda kwezvienzaniso zvakakura, kunyange zvazvo huwandu hunowedzera nehurefu. Iyi yakawanda yakasanganiswa neproportionate pectoral uye caudal fins, inodiwa propel uye kudzora mhuka yakakura kudaro.
Zvake mazino ndiyo inonyanya kuratidza chimiro: katatu, yakasimba, ine serrated edge dzakatetepa uye dzisina lateral accessory peaks, dzinosvika pakakwirira kupfuura 16-18 cm mumhando huru dzakarekodhwa. dentition yakazara yaiva kumativi 276–280 mazino yakarongedzwa mumitsara yakawanda, bhatiri rechokwadi rakagadzirirwa kucheka nyama uye vhuna mapfupa.
Iyo inofungidzirwa kuruma simba, yakayerwa kubva pabvunzo ine scorpionfish yazvino uye simulations, inowira mukati mechikamu che Nhamba dzepamusoro dzinozivikanwa dzemhuka dzinodya vertebratesMuzvinyorwa zvebiomechanical, zvakaenzana ne mazana ezviuru zvematononi, inokwana kutsemura mbabvu uye vertebrae yemacetaceans makuru.
Descripcion
Makungwa epakati-ekupedzisira Cenozoic aive mune megalodon imwe yavo apex predators zvakanyanya kutyisa. Chitarisiko chayo chakazara, chinofananidzwa nekuenzanisa neamnids yemazuva ano uye nechiyero chakatorwa kubva kumeno uye vertebrae, ingadai iri ye robust sharkane hunde ine simba uye musoro muhombe une shaya dzakafara. Zvimbi, kunyanya pectoralsDzingave dzakakora uye dzine nzvimbo yakakura yekudzikamisa uye kufambisa muviri unorema kudaro.
Mumusoro, the maziso Mazino madiki haana kukwezva kutarisa zvakanyanya semuromo, mandibular arch iyo, mumifananidzo mikuru, inofungidzirwa kuti yakapfuura. mamita maviri muhupamhi. Kusanganiswa kwemazino makuru uye kuvhara kweshaya kune simba rinoshamisa kwakashandura kuruma kwega kwega kuita kurova kunokwanisa immobilize mhuka huru mumasekonzi.
ari gill Iri pamativi, zvimbi izvi zvakavimbisa kuchinjana kwegasi, uye sevamwe vashambira vakakura vepelagic, zvaizoda kuchengetedza kusuduruka kufamba kugadzirisa oxygenation. Muswe wayo, wakagadzirwa ne lobes dzakagadzirwa zvakanakaInofanana nepeteni yakaita secrescent yakajairika yevanoshambira vanokwanisa.
Ruvara rungangodaro rwaitevera patani ye Contrad shading (Rima kumusoro uye chiedza pazasi): Kuonekwa kubva kumusoro, kwakabatana murima repakadzika, uye kubva pasi, kwakabatana mukupenya kwepamusoro. Uku kuvharidzira, kunowanikwa muzvikara zvemugungwa, kunowedzera kubudirira kwekusvika kusingaonekwe.
Uyezve, pane zviratidzo zve regional endothermy (mesothermy) mumutsara weotodontids uye nekukurumidza lamnids: kugona kuchengetedza kupisa kwemuviri Kukwidziridzwa kwemamwe masandanyama pamusoro pemvura yakatenderedza kunovandudza kushambira simba uye kushivirira kumvura inotonhora, kuwedzera huwandu hwezvakatipoteredza.
Range uye nzvimbo yekudyisa megalodon shark
Megalodon fossils yakawanikwa mukati makungwa ose, iyo inosimbisa kugoverwa cosmopolitanDzakawanda mune mamwe ma latitudes kudzikama uye subtropicalasi dzinoonekwawo mumadhipoziti anoratidza kupinda mumvura inotonhora, inofambirana nezvinobvira mesothermy. Zvisaririra zvavo zvakanyorwa mukati Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania neAmerica, uye kunyange muzvitsuwa zvegungwa zvakaita se Canary Islands, iyo inosimbisa kusvika kwayo pasi rose.
Habit akawanda marine ecosystemsMvura isina kudzika yemahombekombe, mahombekombe ane jecha, madhamu emahombekombe, kukwirira-kubereka kukwirisa, uye zvakare nharaunda dzegungwa yegungwa rakashama. Inogona kuchinjana pakati pemahombekombe uye pelagic zones zvichienderana nehupenyu hwayo uye kuwanikwa kwemhuka.
Humbowo hunoratidza kuvapo kwe nzvimbo dzekuberekera Dzinoda mvura inodziya, yakati dzikamei yakapfuma muzvokudya uye ine zvikara zvishoma. Pakati pemadhipoziti aratidza kuwanda kwemazino evechidiki mira kunze mafomu e Panama, Maryland, Florida and the Bank of Concepción (Canary Islands). Iyi pateni inoenderana nehurongwa hwemamwe mashaki: maputi anozvarirwa munzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzemahombekombe uye anoenda kugungwa sezvaanokura.
Nezvekudya, isu tiri kubata neimwe yeiyo zvikara zvikuru yenhoroondo yemhuka dzine vertebrates. Micherechedzo pamapfupa uye kubatanidzwa kwemazino nemhuka dzakasara dzinoratidza kuti dzakapedza baleen whales y odontocetes (madolphin uye sperm whales), kuwedzera kune pinnipeds (zvisimbiso), sirenians (dugongs uye manatee), makungwa egungwa hombe uye dzimwe shark.
Kure nekuve nyanzvi yakakwana, isotopic inoongorora uye inoisa nemhuka dzakasiyana siyana inoratidza kuti megalodon yakashanda se generalist trophic kumusoro kwedandemutande rekudya, rakanangana nepakati nepakati cetaceans pazvaive zviripo, asi ne kuchinjika kusanganisira hove hombe dzine bony uye elasmobranchs. Mukana iwoyo ungadai wakave wakakosha pakubudirira mukushanduka kwemakungwa.
Zvinoenderana ne upenyu hunotarisirwaInferences kubva pakukura mhete mumafossil vertebrae uye analogies ane makuru emazuva ano lamnids anoisa hupenyu hwawo hurefu hwakatenderedza. makumi emakore anoverengekanekufungidzira kuri kusvika anopfuura hafu yezana remakore uye, mumienzaniso mikuru, ingangosvika makore zana.
Nzira yekuvhima
Como apex predatorMunhu mukuru aikwanisa kutora mhuka huru. Kuita kudaro, yakawedzera mabhenefiti maviri: simba y biomechanical kunyatsoshandaIyo camouflage pateni yaibvumira kuti iswedere isingaonekwe, uye muswe wayo waipa kukurumidza kwakakodzera kune kurwisa kamwe kamweMudiki nepakati cetaceans, iyo inonyanya kutevedzana yaive yekurwisa kubva pasi kana padivikuvhura maronda akadzika nekukuvadza zvivako zvakakosha.
Zvisaririra zvewhale zvine mavanga akachekwa pambabvu, caudal vertebrae, uye pectoral fin segment zvinoratidza zano rakanangana immobilize kutanga (kuparadza propulsion system) uye wozoipedzisa. Mune mhuka hombe, kukanganisa pambabvu kungadai kwakaputika kana kutyoka bhonzo, zvichikanganisa. mwoyo nemapapu.
El serrated edge Ukobvu uye mudzi mukuru wemazino ayo zvakaderedza njodzi yekutyoka kana uchicheka nepakati pemanyama akakora uye compact boneIyi dhizaini inotsanangura kuti sei mavanga ekurumwa achionekwa munzvimbo dzinodzivirirwa nemhuka dzemazuva ano nekuti dzakaoma: iyo megalodon yaive yakagadzirirwa iyo.
Zvikwata zvevechidiki, sechikamu chavo, zvaizova ne trophic niche zvakasiyana: hove dzakawanda, turtles, uye zvipuka zviduku zvegungwa munzvimbo dzemahombekombe, zvichienda kune mhuka huru sezvadzaikura. Izvi ontogenetic partitioning Iyo sosi inoderedza intraspecific kukwikwidza uye yakanyatso kunyorwa muma shark emazuva ano.
Chimwe chidimbu chakabatana chepuzzle chinogoneka mesothermyYakadzika, inodziya musculature inofarira kurwiswa kunoputika, kwakakosha pakuvhima megafauna inogona kuzvidzivirira kana kutiza nekukurumidza. Haingave inokurumidza kushambira inogara iri munyanza, asi chiyero chiri pakati rwendo runoshanda y kuputika kune simba Inoenderana nemaitiro ayo.
Seri kwekubudirira kwake kunewo makwikwi. Akagovera makungwa ne odontocetes macroraptors (predatory sperm whales) uye, gare gare, pamwe ma dolphin makuru madzitateguru. Kupindirana kwechikamu kwemadhamu kunoratidza kuti, zvichienderana nedunhu nenguva, kwaivepo interspecific competition izvo zvinomanikidza kugadzirisa munzvimbo, nguva, kana saizi yemhuka.
Nezve ake kuberekaHumbowo hunofananidzwa neazvino lamnids hunonongedza viviparity nevana vakakura zvikuru pakuzvarwa (kutenderera mamita akati wandei). Iyi saizi yakakura yevacheche inoderedza njodzi yekudzvinyirirwa uye inovabvumira kutora mukana we madhamu akati kurei kubva pamatanho ekutanga, zvinoenderana nesarudzo yenzvimbo dzinodziya dzemahombekombe.
Kuguma kwemhando iyi kwakakonzerwa nekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu. Sezvo Pliocene ichifambira mberi, iyo ocean reconfiguration uye kuchinja kwemvura yegungwa kwakashandura kugoverwa kwemadhamu uye kuderedza kuwanikwa kwe nzvimbo dzekuberekera dzinodziyaZvichakadaro, the baleen whales Yakasiyana-siyana munguva dzakapfuura, dzakadzikira mumhando dzakasiyana kana kushandura nzira dzadzo kuenda kumvura inotonhora isingasvikike, uye shark huru chena uye specialized odontocetes yakawedzera kukwikwidza kudzvinyirirwa. Hapana chikonzero chimwe chete chakakwana; inonyanya kutsigirwa mamiriro ezvinhu ndeye multifactorial.
Muchidimbu, iyo megalodon yaive a trophic architect Kiyi kumakungwa eNeogene: yakaumba nharaunda dzemugungwa uye, pakunyangarika kwayo, yakasiya nzvimbo iyo dzimwe mhuka dzepamusoro dzakazozadza. Kunzwisisa biology yayo uye kutsakatika kwayo kunobatsira kududzira kuti hombe dzemhuka dzemugungwa dzinopindura sei shanduko yezvakatipoteredza, nenzira imwechete iyo nhasi isu tinoongorora kusagadzikana kwezvipenyu zvinogara. high trophic niches.
Nemuviri wetitanic proportions, mazino makuru, uye kuruma kusingaenzaniswi, megalodon yakatonga makungwa semhuka inoshanduka uye inobudirira, inokwanisa kushandisa nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana uye mhuka. Kutsakatika kwayo kunoratidza kuti zvikara zvingava sei panjodzi kusvika pahuwandu hwe kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, chimiro chemadandemutande ezvokudya y makwikwiNhasi, mazino avo achiri kutiudza nyaya yegungwa remusango uye anotikoka kuti tidzivirire hofori dzirimo nhasi.
