Imwe kirasi yehaki iyo yakagara ichionekwa semitambo yekuredza mhuka ndeye mako sharkIine chitarisiko chehasha uye maitiro ayo akaipa kupfuura zvinoita. Zvinoita senge mako shark vavhimi vari kutiitira nyasha, asi zvakapesana. Iyi shark yakawana mukurumbira wekuve ane hasha zvikuru uye nemhaka yokuti ine mativi ane ngozi, yava imwe yehove dzinokurumidza mugungwa.
Chinyorwa ichi Ari kuzotaura nezve mako shark uye maitiro ayo ese.
Mhando huru
Ihove dzemhuri lamnidae uye imhando yelamniform elasmobrachian. Inozivikanwa zvakare nerimwe zita, iro shortfin shark, shortfin mako shark o mazinoMugungwa, inoonekwa seimwe yemhando zvakanyanya njodzi uye kurwisa zve shark. Kusiyana nedzimwe shark dzinotanga dzakuvhundutsa dzobva dzakurwisa, idzi dzinonanga kuchikafu.
Imhuka ine saizi hombe. Iwo akakura chose, kureba kusvika 4 metres uye huremu hunosvika 750 kilosKana ukatarisana nemunhu wesaizi iyi munharaunda yavo, unogona kuve nechokwadi kuti wapedza. Vane tsandanyama kuvaka. yakasimba zvakanyanya uye nesimba. Kunyangwe paine marekodhi akasarudzika ane nhamba dzakakwirira kwazvo, kazhinji vanhu vakuru vanowanzove vari pasi pezvikwiriso izvi, zvine musiyano mukuru maererano nebonde nenzvimbo.
Muviri wako fusiform uye hydrodynamicnemhino yekoni uye yakanongedza. Muromo kazhinji wakakura asi wakatetepa uye unotora chimiro cheU chakamisikidzwa ne diastema (kuparadzaniswa) pakati pehemimandibles. Iine maziso akatenderera, dema kana jet yebhuruu muruvara, uye shanu gill slits. muy gogo izvo zvinogonesa kunwa kwakawanda kwemvura yekufema.
Kana iri zvimbi zvayo, ine yekutanga dorsal yehukuru huri pakati nepakati, ine muromo wakatenderedzwa zvishoma, ichibva kuseri kwemapfupa escapular. Rinewo rimwe chechipiri chemushure chimbi uye imwe diki mbichanaizvo zvatarisana. Iyo caudal fin yakakura, ine hupamhi lobes uye mukati hafu yemwedzinelobe repamusoro rakati kurei zvishoma pane rezasi. Iyo caudal peduncle yakaora mwoyo uye yakawedzerwa ne side zvimbi refu kwazvo, izvo zvinobatsira kugezera kuyerera kwemvura uye kuderedza mhirizhonga.
Iyo dermal denticles, iyo inovhara ganda rayo, inoshanda sechinhu chisingaoneki chezvombo icho kukandirana kunoderera nemvura. Iyi microstructure inotsanangura kumhanya kwayo uye kushambira kwakanyarara. Iyo coloration yakasviba kwazvo yebhuruu kumashure uye kumusoro mativi, uye kuchena padumbuMuvanhu vechidiki, nzvimbo yakasviba kana yakawanda inogona kuonekwa pamagumo emhino.
Tsananguro yemako shark
Ine dzimwe shaya dzine simba zvechokwadi huru uye ine simbaInodzishandisa kubvambura mhuka yayo uye kuzvidzivirira. Mazino ayo, ane chigadziko chakafara uye chinopinza chakapinza, ane micheto anotsvedzerera (pasina serrations) uye zvishoma kunze curvature; muvanhu vakuru, cusp inogona kuoneka yakakura. Zino rechitatu repamusoro rinowanzova diki uye rakarerekera, richiteverwa nemukaha unooneka. Mazino ake mazhinji anokura pasina kurongeka kuri pachena uye munhamba huru, vamwe vachisara vachioneka kunyange nemiromo yavo yakavharwa, izvo zvinowedzera chitarisiko chavo chinotyisa.
Iyo inochinjika cusp chimiro, pamwe nekugona kuburitsa mazino kunze, inobvumidza iwe chibatiso uye kubvaruka Yakanyanya mobile inobata. Mipendero yemiromo inotsvedza uye inotsvedza, inovandudza hydrodynamics yemuromo wese panguva yemapapu.
Maziso ayo akaita denderedzwa uye ane ruvara rwakasiyana-siyana kubva kune dema kusvika kune jet blue. Zvinyorwa uye zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kana zvabuda uye ziso rabuda pachena, [mutsara usina kujeka - pamwe "nerima, rakajeka, kana kuzvimba maitiro"] rinoonekwa. kudzivirira membrane zvakafanana nemaziso kudzivirira mwana. Iyi nzira iri kuwedzera kune mamwe manzwiro uye neurological adaptation iyo inoratidzira boka reLamnidae.
Kana iri ruvara rwemako shark, haruna kusiyana zvakanyanya pakati pemarudzi kana pakati pevarume nevakadzi. bhururu rakasviba chaizvo kumativi ose kumashure uye kumusoro kubva pakati pemuviri, kunze kwedumbu rakachenaIyi dorsal-ventral musiyano inoibatsira kuzvivharisa: inoonekwa kubva kumusoro inosanganiswa nerima regungwa, uye kubva pasi nekupenya kwepamusoro.
Chikafu uye pekugara
Mako shark anodya zvakanyanya mhuka diki nepakatiPasinei nezvingafungwa nemunhu, vanowanzodya sardines, mackerel, herring, horse mackerel, bonito uye tunny shomauye zadzisa squid. Kunyangwe ichigona kurwisa uye kubuda ichikunda kurwisa mamwe ane ngozi uye makuru emuenzanisoNehukuru ihwohwo hwemhuka, inodarika kugona. Aya ndiwo maitiro, pane dzimwe nguva, anotora mhuka dzakakura dzakadai sekamba, ma dolphin, porpoises, uye kunyange dzimwe shark. Zvose izvi zvinoenderana nekuwanikwa kwenzvimbo uye simba rayo rinodiwa. Zvisaririra zvemhuka dzomugungwa zvakanyorwa mudumbu zviri mukati mezvienzaniso zvakakura; zvisinei, iyo hove dzemabhonzo Vanoramba vari hwaro hwekudya kwavo.
Kunyangwe nezvose zvatataura pamusoro pekudya kwayo kwakasiyana-siyana, tinofanira kutaura kuti chikafu chinofarirwa neko shark ndicho. pfumoKutaura zvazviri, ndiyo imwe yezvikara zvayo zvikuru zvechisikigo, inokwanisa kuitora nekuda kwekumhanya kwayo kukuru uye kurwisa kwekushamisika kubva pasi kana pamakona izvo zvinoita kuti zviome kuti hove dzemhuka dzipukunyuke.
Mukuita zvekuvhima, mako anosanganisa kunhuwidza, kunzwa, uye pamusoro pezvose, kuona kutsvaga zvikoro zvehove uye mhuka yega yega. Inowanzojaja nekumhanyisa kwakasimba, uye inogona kubvambura zvimbi kana chikamu kumativi kukanganisa hove huru, uye inogadzirisa kudya kwayo zvichienderana nenharaunda uye mwaka. Zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinofungidzira kuti inogona kupedza kutenderedza 3% yehuremu hwemuviri wako wezuva nezuvaNekudaro, kukosha uku kunochinja zvichienderana nehukuru, tembiricha, uye mashandisirwo emagetsi munguva pfupi yapfuura.
Nezve pekugara uye kugovaniswa kwayo, inogona kuwanikwa mumisikidzo yezvipenyu pedyo nemakungwa. Atlantic, Indian uye Pacificuye mune dzimwe nzvimbo Gungwa reMediterranean neGungwa DzvukuMhuka idzi dzinodzivisa mvura inotonhora uye dzinofarira kudziya kwekushisa. kudziyisapamusoro pezvimwe zvikumbaridzo. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nehuwandu uye kuyerera kwe hove dzinotama Naizvozvo, shaki iyi inoshandura nzvimbo zvichienderana nemwaka. Uyezve, zvichienderana nemamiriro ekudyisa, vanogonawo kutamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzine chikafu chakawanda kana tembiricha yakagadzikana.
Kunyange zvazvo ane mukurumbira wekuratidza chifini chake pamusoro, chokwadi ndechekuti anofarira kushambira mumvura yegungwa ikozvino kudzika kwemakumi kusvika kumazana akawanda emamitaInogona kuwanikwa kubva pamusoro kusvika pakati-matanho emvura, ine zvinyorwa zvinowanzoitika pakati peepipelagic uye kumusoro mesopelagic zones.
Kumhanya, pfungwa uye maitiro
Mako ine mukurumbira wayo kumhanya kwazvo, paine fungidziro dziripo 70 km / h mukudzingirirana kwenguva pfupi. Chakavanzika chiri muchimiro chayo: fusiform body, caudal keels inofambisa mvura, caudal fin mukati. hafu yemwedzi Inotumira simba uye yakasarudzika tsandanyama misa. Uyezve, semamwe lamniids, inochengetedza tembiricha yemuviri yakagadzikana. yakakwira zvishoma kudarika iyo yemvura (regional endothermy) totenda kune imwe nzira yekuyerera kweropa mumhasuru dzvuku. Iyi physiological advantage inobvumira kukurumidza kugaya, kuita kwemhasuru kukuru, uye kukurumidza kuita.
Kusanganiswa uku simba nekumhanya Izvi zvinotovabvumira kuti vasvetuke kubva mumvura. Mumamiriro ezvinhu anosanganisira hove netambo hove panguva yekutamba hove, ivo vakaonekwa kusvetuka kwemamita akati wandei zvehurefu, izvo zvinoita kuti mako kunyanya kurwisana uye kutyiwa muhondo idzi.
Pamashaki ese akadzidzwa, shortfin mako inomira kunze kwe hukama hwepfungwa nemuviri yakakura uye nekuda kwayo kukurumidza kudzidzaIzvi zvinoibatsira kuongorora njodzi uye kushandura hurongwa pamberi pekukurudzira kwevanhu. Paunenge uchivhima, haivimbi zvakanyanya pamagetsi ekugamuchira semamwe marudzi, uye inovimba zvakanyanya nekunzwa kwayo kunhuwa. munhuhwiake audition uye, kunyanya, yayo chiratidzoNekudaro, ine iyo Lorenzini ampoules, masensor anokwanisa kuona magetsi asina simba anobatsirawo kuzvitarisa uye kutsvaga mhuka.
Nezve chinzvimbo chayo chezvakatipoteredza, kunyangwe kushata kwayo uye njodzi, mako haisi nguva dzose mhedziso yepamusoro-soro: mhondi marwenga Vanogona kuivhima. Nekudaro, inowanzo pindirana zvishoma neiyo huru chena shark nekuda kwekusiyana kwekugara uye thermopreference. Tsika dzayo kazhinji kusurukirwaHairatidzi kutarisira kwevabereki uye inoratidza kushamwaridzana kwakanyanya nemhuka uye, dzimwe nguva, nezvikepe, kunyanya mumamiriro ekuredza kwemitambo.
Kugovera uye kutama
Iyo shortfin mako shark imhando pelagic oceanic kuparadzirwa zvakanyanya mumvura dzinopisa uye kudzikama yemakungwa ose. Inogona kupota ichiswedera kunzvimbo dzemahombekombe dzine masherufu akamanikana, asi nharaunda yayo yakajairika ndiyo gungwa rakashamaPamwero wepakati, inotakura mikuru-yakakura yekutamisa mukati mehemisphere yega yega, nemafambiro ane chekuita nekuwanikwa kwe vanotama-tama yatova mikoto yemhepo inodziya. Uchapupu hunoratidza kuti kutama kwavo kunowanzogara mu hemisphere kwavanogara, pasina nguva dzose trans-equatorial crossing.
Nzira dzadzo dzemazuva ese uye dzemwaka dzinofukidza mazana kusvika kuzviuru zvemakiromita, nekumhanya kukuru kwekufamba uye Nzendo dzakadzikama ndichitsvaga mabhanga de pecesKusarudzwa kweHabitat kunobatanidza iyo tembirichala kubudirira local uye chimiro chazvino iyo inonangidzira madhamu, senge kumberi nekumucheto kwemvura yegungwa.
Kuberekwazve kwemako shark
Nzira yekubereka yerudzi urwu rwe shark ndeye ovoviviparous. Kana hadzi yangopedza kuzvara, inokwanisa kuzvara vana vari pakati pe4 ne8.Marita akakura akarekodhwa muzviitiko zvakasarudzika. The mako's gestation period ndeye kureba uye vana vanozvarwa vakanyatsokura, izvo zvinowedzera mikana yavo yekurarama.
Kana hatchlings ichipa mapapiro avo ekutanga Vane 70 cm chete kana 85 cm kurebaHatchlings hombe dzinogona kusvika 2 metres pakureba. Mhuru dzechikadzi dzinochochonya dzinowanzova dzakakura kudarika varume. Vanowanzoramba vari mudumbu raamai vavo kana vachechenywa.
Pane chiitiko chinoda kuziva chinotekeshera mukuberekana kweaya shark, uye iri... oophagiaChinoitika ndechekuti, nepo pwere idzi dzichiri kukura sema embryo, dzinokwanisa kudyanana. Vanoita izvi kuitira kuti chete vakasimba uye vane hutano zvakanyanya vapone. Mukuwedzera kune oophagy, mamwe maitiro akatsanangurwa. embryophagy Pamwe pacho, "embryos" dzakakura dzinodya dzisati dzanyanya kukura. Ichi chiitiko chinoderedza huwandu hwe fetus, asi wedzera saizi yeavo vanosvika pakupera.
Iwe unogona kutaura kuti imhando yekusarudzwa kwechisikigo uko vana vane mukana wepamusoro wekubudirira vanosarudzwa kuti varege "kuba" chikafu kubva kuna amai kuburikidza nekudyisa vana vakawanda kamwechete. kukura pabonde Inoratidza dimorphism yakajeka: varume vanoisvika nehukuru hwakatenderedza 1,9-2 mnepo vakadzi vanokura gare gare uye pahukuru hukuru, kumativi 2,6-2,8 mMunguva yekupfimbana, varume vanogona kuratidza maitiro ane simba, uye muvakadzi, izvi zvinowanzoonekwa. mavanga mudumbu, matinji, uye pectoral zvimbi zvinobva mukudyidzana uku.
Kuchengetedza uye kutyisidzira
Iyo shortfin mako shark yakanyorwa muzvikamu zve kutyisidzira mukuongororwa kwenyika dzakawanda nekuda kwayo kuderera kwevanhu munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana. Madzvinyiriro makuru anobva ku hove dzekutengesa pelagic (mutsara wakareba, mambure emvura uye gillnets) uye ye mutambo wehoveuko mudzimu wayo wokurwa unoiita chipfuro chinochiva. Zvimwe zvekutorwa ndezvi zviitiko (bycatch) muhove dzakanangana nemhando dzemhando yepamusoro dzakaita se tuna kana swordfish.
Kunyange zvazvo mitambo yakawanda inobatwa ichibudiswa, zvave zvichifungidzirwa kuti kufa mushure mekusunungurwa kwete kuregeredza. Munharaunda dzemahombekombe ane gillnets uye trammel nets, iyo kufa kwechiitiko Ngozi inogona kuva yakakwirira, kunyange kana pane kuedza kudzorera mhuka. Mhando yacho yakanyorwa mu Appendix II yeCITESIzvi zvinosanganisira zvidzoreso pakutengeserana kwayo nedzimwe nyika netraceability uye inoenderera mberi zvinodiwa. Uyezve, ibato kune zvibvumirano zvepasi rose pa marudzi anotama izvo zvinotsvaga kurongedza matanho ekutonga pakati penyika.
Kuedza kunoshanda zvakanyanya kunosanganisira miganhu yekubata yakavakirwa pa kuongororwa kwesainzi, yakawedzera nhamba yevacherechedzi vari muchikepe kuti vaverenge bycatch, kuvandudzwa mukati zvikorekedzo uye maitiro kuderedza kudyidzana, uye zviyero zve kusunungurwa kwakachengeteka izvo zvinowedzera mazinga ekupona. Dzidzo yechikamu chehove uye kutevedzwa kwenyika nezvisungo zvepasi rose zvakakosha kudzikamisa nekudzoreredza hove.
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti mumakumi emakore apfuura, Gungwa reAdriatic raiva imwe yenzvimbo dzine huwandu hwepamusoro hwemako sharks. Nekudaro, parizvino hapana rekodhi inowirirana yevagari vemo, izvo zvinosimbisa kudiwa kwe kutariswa kwakasimba uye inogadzirisa mitemo negungwa.
Iko kusanganisa kwe biology inononoka kukuraKubereka kuri pakati nepakati uye kudiwa kukuru kwehove kunoda kungwara mukushandiswa kwayo. Basa remako se mhuka huru yepelagic inobatsira kudzora huwandu hwevanhu de peces Hove dzinomhanya-mhanya dzakaita seswordfish netuna, saka kuchengetedza kwadzo kunorevawo kuchengetedza trophic balances zvinokosha mugungwa rakashama.
Mako shark imhuka yegungwa inokurumidza kukurumidza uye inochinjika, ine morphology yakarongeka, pfungwa dzakapinza, uye physiology inoshanda kwazvo. Kudya kwaro kwakasiyana-siyana, kutama-refu, uye kubereka ovoviviparous neoophagy kunoita kuti ive inonakidza uye yakakosha mhando mupelagic ecosystem. Ramangwana rayo rinoenderana kutarisira kubata hove kunobudirirakubatana kwenyika dzese uye maitiro ane mutoro anotitendera kuti tirambe tichiyemura mutambi wenyanza uyu.
