Humambo hwemumvura hunovanza hupfumi hwe zvipenyu izvo kune vakawanda zvinoramba zviri chakavanzika chisinganzwisisikeKuburikidza nezviuru zvemakore ekushanduka-shanduka munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzine hutsinye, hove dzakagadzirwa zvimiro zvakadaro zvinoshamisa, mavara uye maitiro izvo zvinopikisa zvese zvatinoziva nezvehupenyu hwepasi pemvura. Ichi chinyorwa rwendo rwakakwana, rwakazara neruzivo rwakasiyana uye rwechizvino-zvino, rwe hove dzisingawanzoitiki panyika pano: kubva kuzvisikwa zvekudzika kwakadzika kusvika kune zvipenyu zvine hunyanzvi hunokatyamadza, zvese zvine maitiro anonakidza kuti urarame munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana uye dzinoshanduka.
Chii chinonyatsoita kuti hove ive shoma: kusiyanisa maitiro
Kana tichitaura nezve rarities muhove, hatisi kungoreva chitarisiko chavo, asi kusanganiswa kwe evolutionary adaptations, maitiro, uye nzira dzekuponaDzimwe nzira dzemhando idzi dzinomira pakati pezviuru zvemhando dzinosanganisira:
- Bioluminescence: Kugona kuburitsa chiedza chayo kuburikidza nenhengo dzakashongedzwa dzinonzi photophoresZviedza izvi zvinoshandiswa kukwezva mhuka, kuvhiringa zvikara, kana kutaurirana murima repakadzika.
- Extraordinary morphologiesKubva pamiviri yegelatinous, semi-pachena inoratidzika seyakajeka, kusvika kune shaya dzinotambanuka, mazino akakura zvisina kuenzana, uye mashizha-akafanana nemashizha anobatsira mucamouflage kana kuvhima.
- Kunyanya kuvharidzira: Zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvine mavara uye maumbirwo akachinjirwa kuti aenderane neakapoteredza, angave achitevedzera matombo, algae, makorari, kana pasi pegungwa pacharo.
- Sophisticated sensory systemsDzimwe hove dzine masensor anokwanisa kuona magetsi kana magineti, izvo zvinodzibvumira kuti dzitarise uye dzikwanise kuona mhuka dzakabatwa zvakanaka murima rakasviba kana rima.
- Chepfu dzine simbaKune hove dzine nzira dzekudzivirira dzinouraya, dzakadai semizongoza ine chepfu kana chepfu yeganda, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvisikwa zvinotyiwa kunyange nevanhu.
- Kugona "kufamba":Dzimwe mhuka dzakagadzirisa zvimbi zvadzo kuti dzifambe nepasi sekunge dzine maoko nemakumbo, zvichipikisa mufananidzo chaiwo wehove dzinotuhwina.
Aya maitiro haangobvumiri kuti vararame, asi zvakare vanovaita prodigies echokwadi echisikigo.
Chimeras: Chakavanzika Relatives dzeShark neRay
Chimera (Chimaeriformes) iboka rinonakidza re hove dzemashanga, zvine hukama zvakanyanya neshaki nemwaranzi, uye kazhinji inowanikwa pakadzika kusvika ku4.000 metres. Chitarisiko chavo chakakurumbira kune a musoro wakakurumbira, maziso makuru uye muswe wakareba, mutete kuita kunge gonzo. Dzinokura kusvika pamamita 1,5 pakureba uye dzine ganda rakafukidzwa netukero diki, rinobva paruvara rwebrownish kusvika kune jeti dema.
Panzvimbo pemazino akajairika, anokura kupwanya ndiro kuputsa makungu uye carapaces yekrustaceans. Dziviriro yaro inosanganisira a chepfu yemusana inokwanisa kuita maronda anorwadza. Ivo zvakare vane advanced sensory system, inokwanisa kuona magetsi uye magineti munzvimbo dzakavapoteredza, ichidziita mhata dzinobata husiku.
Imwe yeavo makuru ekushanduka-shanduka ndeyekuti ivo ndivo mhuka dzemazuvano chete dzine mapfupa emuzongoza dzine zvisaririra zvepairi yechitatu yemakumbo, kuwedzera chakavanzika chayo kusayenzi.
Ocean sunfish (Mola mola): hofori yakatenderera yemakungwa
El sunfish (Mola mola) inozivikanwa nekuve iyo hove dzinorema kupfuura dzose dziripoMimwe mienzaniso inorema makirogiramu anopfuura 1.000 3 uye inogona kutosvika pamamita matatu pakureba. Miviri yadzo yakaita oval, yakati sandarara yakatevedzana, uye kureba sekureba, ine ganda gobvu, rakakwasharara risina makwande ari pachena.
Inogara mumvura inodziya uye ine mwero pasi rose, ichifamba pedyo nepamusoro pepamusoro uye pakadzika dzika ichitsvaga chikafu, kunyanya. gelatinous zooplankton kufanana nejellyfish. Madzimai anogona kubereka mazai anopfuura mamiriyoni 300 mumwaka mumwe chete, rekodhi yakazara pakati pemhuka dzine vertebrate.
Ihove yakadzikama, isingakuvadzi, uye inokatyamadza nekuda kwechimiro chayo chisinganzwisisike, zvichiita kuti ive chiratidzo chekushanduka kwemvura uye dambudziko rechokwadi rezvidzidzo zvesainzi nekuda kwehukuru hwayo uye biology yekubereka.
Blobfish (Psychrolutes marcidus): iyo gelatinous ghost yegungwa
El donhedza hove (Psychrolute marcidus), inozivikanwawo se blobfish, yakawana zita risiri repamutemo re "mhuka yakashata pasi rose" nekuda kwecartilaginous, gelatinous, uye chitarisiko chinosuruvarisa chakakanganiswa painobviswa kubva munzvimbo yayo yakasikwa. Zvisinei, chitarisiko ichi mhedzisiro yekurarama kwayo pakadzika kwe600 kusvika 2.800 metres, uko kudzvanywa kwakanyanyisa.
Kushaya dundira, yavo muviri hauna kusimba pane mvura, ichiibvumira kuyangarara zviri nyore pamusoro pegungwa. Inogona kuyera kusvika masendimita makumi matatu uye inodya zvakanyanya pane organic matter uye madiki akarembedzwa asina vertebrates. Chitarisiko chayo chinoremara zvakanyanya painorasikirwa nedzvinyiriro yepakadzika, ichisimbisa kutaridzika kwayo kunoshamisa kubva mumvura.
Stonefish (Synanceia horrida): chiso chinouraya chekufukidzira chine chepfu
El hove dzematombo inozivikanwa zvakanyanya se hove dzine chepfu dzakawanda pasi roseInogara pasi pejecha nematombo ane matombo muIndian Ocean uye kumadokero kwePacific, uko muviri wayo wakakasharara, une makombi unoita kuti isanyatsosiyaniswa nedombo chairo.
Imhuka inodya usiku inodya de peces uye crustaceans. Zvavo ma dorsal spines ane uturu hunotyisa inokwanisa kuuraya vanhu nedzimwe mhuka. Bharashi rakapfava netsaona rinogona kuguma nemigumisiro yakakomba, saka vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vanofanira kungwarira zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzine hove iyi. Iyo stonefish inomiririra iyo yepamusoro yekubatanidzwa kwecamouflage yakakwana uye huturu kudzivirira.
Sloane's viperfish (Chauliodus sloani): muvhimi ane mazino asina kuenzana
ari hove yenyoka Sloane's shark chiratidzo chezvikara zvenzvimbo dzakadzika, kwavanotonga pakadzika pakati pe500 ne3.000 metres. Kunyangwe ivo vachiwanzo kuyera isingasviki masendimita makumi matatu, chimiro chavo chinotyisa: shaya huru dzizere nemazino marefu, yakarebeswa, muviri wesirivheri une bhuruu-girinhi hues, uye nhengo dzebioluminescent dzinozivikanwa se photophores.
Iyo huru fotophore pamuromo weiyo dorsal yekuwedzera inoshanda setochi kukwezva mhuka murima, nepo mamwe mafotophore pamativi achiwedzera kuvepo kwayo kwehusiku. Inogona kurarama kwemakumi emakore anoverengeka uye kutsungirira dzvinyiriro ingave inouraya kuzvisikwa zvipenyu zvakawanda. Chikafu chayo chinosanganisira hove uye crustaceans, iyo inovandira ichishandisa kushamisa kwayo kuvharidzira nekumhanya.
Black dragonfish uye mashizha ane mashizha dhiragoni: zvipoko uye mashizha mapenyu egungwa
- Black shato hove (Idiacanthus antrostomus): Inogara pakadzika inosvika 2.000 metres. Muviri waro wakatetepa, hauna mikero, wakasviba-ruvara, uye wakashongedzerwa nemaziso mahombe anoenderana nemimvuri. Vane nhengo dzebioluminescent, uye mazino avo, akareba zvokuti anodzivirira muromo kubva pakuvhara zvachose, ane unhu. Mamwe marudzi anogona kusvika 40 centimita.
- Shato yegungwa ine Leafy (Phycodurus eques): Inobva kuSouth Australia, ine ganda rekuwedzera rinotevedzera mashizha. Uku kuvharika kwakanaka kunoidzivirira kubva kune zvikara, zvichiita kuti isanyatso zivikanwa pakati pemasora egungwa. Dzinogona kukura kusvika masendimita makumi mashanu kureba uye dzinofamba zvakanaka dzichishandisa zvimbi zvidiki, zvinoonekera.
Ose ari maviri anomiririra mienzaniso ine hunyanzvi yekugadziriswa kwekupona uye kunyengera kwekuona munyanza.
Black gobbler (Chiasmodon niger): hofori inodya mhuka
El gobbler mutema Iyo ine mukurumbira nekuda kwekugona kwayo kumedza mhuka yakakura kudarika muviri wayo, nekuda kwayo elastic mudumbu uye ganda rakatetepa, rinenge rakajeka. Inogara pakati pe700 ne2.750 metres kudzika mumakungwa makuru epasi.
Ichi chikara chakareba, chisina chiyero chinogona kukura kusvika masendimita makumi maviri nemashanu. Kukwanisa kwayo kuwedzera kunoibvumira kugaya zvidimbu zvakakura nekuda kwehukuru hwayo. Mushure mekudya, zviri mukati medumbu zvinoonekwa kunze, zvichiita kuti zvive zvisingazivikanwe.
Giant hatchetfish (Argyropelecus gigas): mudziyo wekucheka wepakadzika
El hombe hatchetfish Hazvina mubvunzo nekuda kwemuviri wayo wakatsikirirwa, wakaita sedemo. Kunyange zvazvo isingawanzosvika masendimita gumi nerimwe, chitarisiko chayo chesirivheri, maziso akatsvuka akatarisa kumusoro, uye zvimbi zvinoonekera zvinopa spectral aura.
Inowanikwa muAtlantic, Pacific, uye Indian Oceans, pakati pe200 ne1.000 metres kudzika. Ruvara rwayo rwakasvibira, runopenya runoibvumira kusangana neyakaipoteredza, ichinyangira mhuka yayo isingaonekwi. Pasinei nekuonekwa kwayo kunotyisa, ihove ine rugare uye haina ngozi zvachose kuvanhu.
Deep-sea tripod hove (Bathypterois grallator): kuenzanisa uye kushivirira kwakanyanya
Inogara munzvimbo dzakadzika dzegungwa umo chiedza chisingasviki. hove yakadzika-gungwa katatu Iyo inoratidzwa nekureba kwayo kwepelvic uye caudal fins, iyo inoshandisa se "tripod" kumira yakatwasuka pasi pegungwa, inomirira isingapfakanyiki kuvandira mhuka yayoIine shaya yezasi yakanyatsozivikanwa, yakashongedzerwa nemazino akapinza, uye ine nzira yekuvhima yakavakirwa pashiviriro uye camouflage.
Bofu gelatinous abyssal hove (Aphyonus gelatinosus): iyo translucent spectrum yegomba rakadzika-dzika
Iine muviri unopenya, gelatinous, hove iyi inogara pakadzika dzika uye inoshaya zvachose maziso anoshanda, nekuda kwerima rakazara renharaunda yayo. Iyo inofamba neinoyevedza uye ethereal kufamba, ichidya pane zvipenyu zvidiki uye zvidimbu zvakamiswa. bofu gelatinous abyssal hove Muenzaniso wakajeka we kunyanyisa kushanduka kunharaunda yegomba.
Goblinfish (Macropinna microstoma): maonero akajeka epasi pegungwa
El hoblin hove, inozivikanwawo se transparent-headed hove, chimwe chezvisikwa zvemugungwa zvinokatyamadza uye zvisinganzwisisike. Inogara mumvura yakadzika yePacific, Atlantic, uye Indian Oceans, kazhinji pakati pe600 ne800 metres kudzika.
Chimiro chayo chikuru ndechekuti, chaizvo, dehenya rayo rakajeka, mukati maunogona kuona peya. tubular maziso Maziso egirini anogona kutenderera nemativi akasiyana, achibvumira kuona kweparutivi kusati kwamboitika pakati pehove. Aya maziso anotorawo chiedza uye anonatsiridza kudzika kwekuona kuvhima nemazvo madiki crustaceans uye plankton.
Gungwa lamprey (Petromyzon marinus): zvisikwa zvipenyu
La mwenje wegungwa Ndicho chimwe chezvisikwa zvechinyakare zvichiri kuwanikwa munzizi dzedu nenzvimbo dzemahombekombe. Nemuviri wakareba, usina shaya uye muromo wakatenderera uzere nemazino maduku, mwenje unonamatira kune dzimwe hove kuti udye paropa radzo nenyama yemuviri. Inonzi a kurarama zvisaririra uye, kunyange zvazvo yakafanana neeels, ndeyeboka rakasiyana zvachose uye remadzitateguru ekushanduka-shanduka.
Hove nemaoko (Brachionichthyidae): kufamba pasi pegungwa
Kune marudzi akawanda de peces inozivikanwa se hove nemaoko, kunyanya yemhuri yeBrachionichthyidae, yakagoverwa kumhenderekedzo yeAustralia neTasmania. Mhando idzi dzakashanduka yakagadziridzwa pectoral fins iyo yavanoshandisa kufamba kana kuzvifambisa pasi pegungwa pane kushambira. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve hove idzi dzinoda kuziva, unogona kushanyira chinyorwa chedu hove dzinoda kuziva uye dzinoshamisa.
Pakati peizvi, inonyanya kukosha ndeye hove yepingi nemaoko (Brachiopsilus dianthus), inowanikwa kuTasmania, inoyera pakati pe10 ne15 centimita, ishoma kwazvo. Mafambiro ayo anofamba anoita kuti ive nyore kubata, kunyangwe ichifungidzirwa kuti inoburitsa chepfu inodzivirira. Kugara pakati pematombo uye pasi pejecha kunofadza kurarama kwayo, asi mashoma emuenzaniso anozivikanwa, izvo zvinosimudzira chimiro chayo seimwe yehove isingawanzo kuwanikwa panyika.
