Nhasi tinoenda kugomba rakadzika-dzika, uko tinowana mhuka dzomugungwa dzakasiana zvikuru nedzatinoona pamusoro. Aya mafomu ndiwo mhedzisiro yekuchinjisa maitiro kune zvakadzika, zvichipihwa akasiyana mamiriro ipapo. Pakati pe mhando dzisina kujairika dzakadaro chii chiri kuitika, tinozviwana tava nazvo hove dzemwenjeIyi ndiyo hove inoratidzwa muchinyorwa chino, uye ndinokuvimbisa kuti uchashamisika kana iwe ukaziva nezvazvo. Zita rayo resainzi ndiro centrophryne spinulosa uye anogara pakadzika pe kumanikidzwa kukuru uye chiedza chakaderera zvikuru.
Unoda kuziva zvakavanzika zvese Nezve lanternfish? Verenga kuti udzidze zvakawanda.
Abyssal nzvimbo
Hove dzegungwa rakadzika dzine hunhu hwakasiyana nekuti dzinofanirwa kuenderana nemamiriro ekunze matsva. Pakati pavo pane kushayikwa kwezuvala yakanyanya hydrostatic pressurela tembiricha yakaderera and the kushomeka kwezvokudyaEse aya akanyanya kuipa mamiriro ezvinhu anoita kuti mhuka dzinogara pakadzika idzi dzigadzire nhengo dzinovatendera kuti vagadzirise uye vararame.
Nzvimbo inogara hove yemwenje inozivikanwa se abyssopelagic zone. Mutsara wegungwa uri pasi pezviuru zvemamita ehupamhi uye unozivikanwa nekushaikwa kwezuva rakananga. Mamiriro ezvinhu anotonhora, ane mvura pakati 4 uye 10 ºC pazvibodzwa zvakawanda, uye dzvinyiriro yacho inowedzerwa nemazana kana ichienzaniswa nepamusoro. Simba rinosvika kunyanya muchimiro che “marine snow” (kudzika organic particles) uye dzimwe nguva mhuka, saka zvikara zvegungwa zvakadzika zvinoshandisa mukana wega wega.
Kuti tizvitungamirire mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, zviri nyore kusiyanisa mararamiro maviri mukati meboka guru rehove dze "flashlight" yehurongwa Lophiiformes: idzo dziri benthic (vakagara kumashure, vachishandisa camouflage) uye avo vari pelagic (yakaturikwa mumbiru yemvura). centrophryne spinulosa Inogona kuoneka mumamiriro ese ari maviri, asi hunhu hunozivikanwa ndeyekukura kwayo kwezvimiro zvekuvhima murima.
Zvinenge zvisingaite kuti vanhu vasvike munzvimbo iyi kuti vaite zvidzidzo zvakakura vachipihwa mamiriro akanyanya, saka ruzivo rwakawanda runobva nzvimbo inotorwa, zvinyorwa ne motokari dziri kure uye kuongororwa kwezvienzaniso zvakawanikwa nemambure akadzika.
Mhando huru
Hove yemwenje ine kuyera kuyerwa kwemasendimita makumi maviri nematatu pakureba muvakadzi verudzi urwu. Musoro wayo wakakura chaizvo uye shaya yakakura semusoro. Zvakadaro mazino matete, mukati-akakombama kukwanisa kubata mhuka yavo uye kudzivirira kutiza kwayo. Inopa zvepabonde dimorphism, saka zviri nyore kuziva murume nemukadzi: varume idiki zvakanyanya uye ne morphology yakagadziridzwa kutsvaga nekubatanidza nehadzi.
Rudzi rweganda rayo rinoshanduka pakati pe dzvuku ne dema, uye rine huwandu hukuru hwe nhete musanaIyo appendage iri pedyo nemhuno inozivikanwa se illicium uye inopera nechirauro (esca). Muzhinji Lophiiformes, Vakadzi chete ndivo vane "rurembera" urwu, iyo inoshanda sechikumbiro. Mukuwedzera, vane a hyoid ndebvu izvo zvinobatsira kusiyanisa kubva kune mamwe marudzi.
Kana iri nyama yayo, ine mvura yakawanda. Kuva nemvura yakawanda munyama yayo, mapfupa akareruka uye akafukidzwa nechidimbu che calcium carbonate. Muviri wavo inochinjika zvakanyanya, nemuromo nedumbu rinokwanisa kukura, richivabvumira kumedza mhuka yakakura zvakapetwa kaviri saizi yavo.
Mabudisiro anoita hove yerambi chiedza
Iyo bioluminescence yehove yemwenje inokonzerwa nehukama symbiotic nebhakitiriya inokwanisa kubudisa chiedza. Aya mabhakitiriya, anotorwa kubva kune zvakatipoteredza, anogara mu esca ye illicium, uye kuburikidza nekuita kwemakemikari vanoburitsa chiedza chinotonhora chinogona kudzorwa mukusimba. Mukudzoka, vanogamuchira zvinovaka muviri yehove nenzvimbo yakagadzikana yekugara.
Iyo illicium "lighthouse" inoshanda mabasa akati wandei: inoita se kuvhima decoy (inotevedzera zvipenyu zvidiki zvinofamba), inogonesa zviratidzo pakati pevanhu yemhando imwe chete uye, mune dzimwe nguva, inobatsira backlighting, vachitevedzera kupenya kwemvura kuti vavanze silhouette yavo kubva kune zvikara nemhuka. Murima rakazara, chero mukana wekuona unoita mutsauko, uye iyi ndiyo imwe yeakanyanya kuomesesa ekugadzirisa mumhuka.
Kusiyana nedzimwe hove, iyo illicium i kuchinjwa kwemwaranzi wekutanga wedorsal fin iyo inofamba ichienda kumusoro uye inoshanduka kuita tsvimbo nechirauro. Muzhinji Lophiiformes, hove inogona kufambisa iyi "hoko" nehuchenjeri hukuru, ichitsanangura madiki anozununguka iyo inotevedzera maitiro emakonye uye crustaceans.
Habitat uye chikafu
Kuti uwane iyi mhando unofanira kuenda iyo Pacific Ocean kubva kuBaja California kusvika kumaodzanyemba kweMarquesas Islands uye Gulf yeCalifornia. Yakatorwa zvakare mumvura ye New Guinea, the Maodzanyemba eChina Gungwa, Venezuela and the Mozambique ChannelIzvi zvinoratidza kugoverwa kwakakura mumvura dzinopisa uye dzinopisa, dzinowanzobatanidzwa ne kudzika kukuru.
Hove dzakadzidzwa akabatwa pakati pemazana mashoma uye mashoma ezviuru zvemamita. Nekuda kwekuti ine yakadzama yekugovera siyana uye yakaoma-ku-kucherechedza maitiro, hove iyi yakangoonekwa iri mhenyu nguva shoma kubva pakutsanangurwa kwayo. Zvinyorwa zvishoma zvokuti imwe neimwe itsva muenzaniso inopa data yakakosha nezve biology yavo.
Kana kuri kudya kwayo, ihwo hwakakwana anodya. Inodya hove diki. crustaceans nemamwe ma invertebrates ari munharaunda. Ivo inyanzvi dzechokwadi mune kuvandira kuvhima: Vanokwezva mhuka yavo neillicium uye, kana yaswedera zvakakwana, vanovhura muromo wavo muhombe uye vogadzira kuyamwa kamwe kamwe kuti “inoyamwa” mukati. Magadzirirwo emazino ayo anoita sea cheki vharafu kudzivirira kutiza.
Pamusoro pemuromo elastic, ine a expandable dumbu Izvi zvinovabvumira kutora mukana wekubata kwakasiyana uye kurarama kwenguva refu yekushomeka kwekudya. Munzvimbo umo zvokudya zvinosvika zvisingatarisirwi, nzira iyi inokosha pakurarama.
The intense rima, kudzvinyirirwa uye kutonhora kunoita kuti hove idzi dzidye simba shoma mukufamba: dzinosarudza kumirira nguva chaiyo dzisati dzatanga kurwisa, dzichigadzirisa zvadzo. simba rakaringanaMune abyssal ecosystem, ivo vanotamba basa re pamusoro pezvikara pamwero muduku, kuenzanisa uwandu hwezvimwe zvipenyu zvakadzika-dzika uye kudzorerazve biomass inodzika kubva pamusoro.
Kuberekerwa
Kana zvasvika pakubereka, hove iyi haina kujairika. Mukadzi ane ovary imwe chete yakakomberedzwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dze epithelium. Ndoda kuziva, Murume anova rudzi rwe "sexual parasite" pakusvirana nehadzi. Tichifunga madaro akakura uye kuwanda kwakaderera kwevanhu, murume anotsaurira hupenyu hwake kune tsvaga mukadzi, inotungamirirwa nemakemikari uye zviratidzo zvinoonekwa.
Kana waiwana, inobereka mubatanidzwa nekurumwaMune dzimwe Lophiiformes, mushure memazino anchorage, pane a kusanganiswa kwetishu pakati pevanhu vaviri; murume anoderedza kugaya kwake uye nhengo dzemuviri, uye anova anotsamira pane kutenderera kweropa kwemukadzi kuti vazviriritire. Iyi nzira inoita kuti kuvepo kwesperm kune maclutch emangwana. Fertilization inowanzoitika kunze: Hadzi inobudisa mazai uye murume wacho urume panguva imwe chete, uye mazai anokura ari oga.
Mune mamwe magenera ane hukama, vanhukadzi vanogona kupedzwa ne varume vakawanda panguva imwe chete, uye yakasarudzika immunological adaptations yakatsanangurwa inodzivirira kurambwa kweichi "graft" mhenyu. Kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwakasiyana pakati pemarudzi, maitiro akafanana akafanana: kuwedzera kubudirira kwekubereka mumhoteredzo umo kuzviwana kuri denho hurusa.
Hazvifanirwe kuvhiringidzwa neiyo aquarium lanternfish
Mukutengeserana kwe aquarium, "hove yemwenje" inonziwo Poropanchax normani (zvimwe zvakafanana ne Aplocheilichthys normani), rudzi rwe African freshwater zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva kugomba centrophryne spinulosaHove duku iyi ye anenge 4,5 cm, nemaitiro ane rugare uye ane ushamwari, anogara mukati nzizi, hova nehova uye anoumba zvikoro zvinoshingaira. Inoshivirira zvakanaka kusiyana kwekuoma uye pH, anoramba ari 24–26 ºC uye anodyisa zvakadai omnivore yebrine shrimp uye zvekudya zvekutengesa.
Meso ake anoratidza a blue reflection zvinoshamisa kwazvo (saka zita rakajairika). Inochengetwa mu aquariums kubva 80 litita nekusefa kwakanaka, oxygenation, uye zvirimwa zvakawanda. Hazvinei nechokuita negomba rakadzika-dzika Lophiiformes kunze kwezita remadunhurirwa rakakurumbira; ndosaka zvakakosha siyanisa zvose zviri zviviri pakutaura nezve "lantern fish".
Zvido zvehove yemwenje
Pasinei nekugara kwakadzika, hove iyi inobatwa nevanhu. Mugungwa rekudya gastronomy, mamwe marudzi anozivikanwa zvikuru se "lantern fish" kana hama dzepedyo (zvakadai semamwe mahombekombe eLophiiformes uye myctophids, ayo ariwo bioluminescent) anogona kuoneka madhishi ematunhuPanyaya yezvisikwa zveabyssal zvechokwadi, kubatwa kwavo kwakananga ndiko zvakasiyana nekuda kwekuoma kwehunyanzvi uye kushomeka kwehuwandu hwevanhu.
Kuonekwa kwayo pano neapo pamusoro Inogona kunge yakabatana mune dzimwe nguva kune oceanographic phenomena senge El Niño, iyo inoshandura mafungu uye tembiricha, ichigadzira kufa kunooneka uye zviitiko zvinokatyamadza. Mukuwedzera, the ocean acidification uye zvimwe zvinokonzeresa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze zviri kushandura nharaunda yakadzika, nemhedzisiro iyo sainzi ichiri kuburitsa.
Tichifunga zvakanyanyisa mamiriro ayo maruva ehove anorarama, kutora idzi mienzaniso kunova chinhu chakanyatsoomera vanhu. 25 chete mienzaniso yakatorwa. sezvo mhuka yacho yakawanikwa. Pasinei neizvi, imhuka ine mukurumbira wayo Zvimwe zvinhu. Kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji mu motokari dzepasi pemvura, sensors uye sampling isiri-inoparadza ichatibvumira kuwedzera ruzivo rwedu pasina kukuvadza zvakatipoteredza.
Kwete chete hove dzemwenje dzine hukama nehutachiona hwebioluminescent, asi huripo mamwe marudzi zvine hukama kune izvo zvinopenya nhengo dzemiviri yavo kufamba, kudya, uye kuzivana. MuLophiiformes, chiedza ichi ndicho chinhu chikuru mukati intraspecific communication uye mukubudirira kwekuvhima.
Sekuwedzera kunoshamisa data mukati meiyo Lophiiformes: mune mamwe genera senge Ceratias, vakadzi vanogona kugamuchira kusvika varume vatanhatu fused; vakatsanangurwa kugadzirisa kwe immune system muvarume vanofarira kubatanidzwa uku; uye kune marudzi makuru akadai se Ceratias holboelli, inokwanisa kudarika mita imwe pakureba, kunyange zvazvo protagonist yechinyorwa ichi iduku zvikuru. Zvinonakidzawo hukama hwayo ne manikidza fishmonger (Lophius piscatorius), mhenderekedzo yegungwa Lophiiforme isina bioluminescent illicium seyakagadzirwa seyakadzika-gungwa, asi ine morphology yakafanana wemusoro nemuromo.
Rwendo urwu runoratidza mhuka inokatyamadza inofanidza nzira dzekushanduka-shanduka. symbiotic bioluminescence, kuvandira kunovhima nounyengeri hwayo; kunyanyisa pabonde dimorphism uye physiology yakagadzirirwa miganhu yekugara. Kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzavo dzakadzika-mugungwa uye kusimudzira tsvakiridzo ine hunyanzvi kwakakosha kuti unzwisise zviri nani zvakasiyana-siyana zvakavanzika yemakungwa.
