Mumvura dzinogara mumakungwa edu, nzizi uye makungwa, mune zvipenyu zvakasiyana siyana. Zvichida, zita kune vanonzwira tsitsi kupfuura vese ndere hove. Izvi zvisikwa zvakasarudzika zvinotipa akasiyana siyana maumbirwo, mavara, nezvimwewo, zvisinei, uye kunyangwe iri mamiriro, mazhinji acho inhengo dzeboka rakasarudzika ratinopa zita rekuti hove dzemabhonzo.
Chii chinonzi bhonzo hove?
Hove dzemabhonzo ndiyo hove dziya vertebrates uye gnathostomes (vertebrate inoratidzwa nekuve yakashama shaya). Ivo vakapihwa nechomukati bony skeleton, saka zita ravo. Ivo vanozivikanwa zvakare se osteictians.
Iyi bony yemukati skeleton ndiyo mamiriro makuru anovasiyanisa kubva kune rimwe boka guru. de peces: cartilaginous hove. Sekuda kuziva, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti kune boka rechitatu de peces, iyo inoumbwa nehove dzisina shaya. Iwo ekupedzisira haashoma uye kune mashoma mashoma emhando dzemhando pakati ayo ari, semuenzaniso, mwenje.
Bony hove, kunyanya, hove dzatajaira kuona, ndiko kuti, mhando dzinozivikanwa zvakanyanya senge yakajairwa salmon, trout, hove ye aquarium, nezvimwe. Panzvimbo iyoyo, hove shwashwa, kutaura zvakafara, mashark, mwaranzi uye mantas.
Hunhu hukuru hwemabhonzo ehove
Mafupa ehove dzemabhonzo akapatsanurwa muzvikamu zvinoverengeka: iyo axial marangwanda, inova ndiyo inobata chikamu chepakati; iyo cephalic skeleton inobata chikamu chemusoro; iyo zonal skeleton, iyo iri padhuze nepini yechiuno neyechipfuva; uye iyo marangwanda emapendekete, inova ndiyo inogadzira zvimbi.
Zvichida misiyano mizhinji iri pakati pehove dzemabhonzo nehove dzemhashu dziri mukati. Hove dzeBony hadzina iyo Spiral vharafu, asi vakaita pyloric mapofu varume uye vanoshaya izvozvo rectal shwanu.
Nzira yekufema yehove dzemabhonzo dzine gill iri mukati mekamuri yemagill, uye yakafukidzwa nerudzi rweoperculum iyo inongoburitsa pachena kuvhurika kwebrachial kudivi rega remhuka. Kashoma, kunyangwe zvichikwanisika, kuti preoperculum inowoneka, asi isu tinosimbirira kuti ndechimwe chinhu chisina kujairika. Yakati gills, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti havana kupatsanurwa nesepta.
Mune dzimwe mhando de peces pfupa, iyo kushambira dundira yakashanduka kuita mapapu. Iyi mapapu inovabatsira kuti varambe vachiyangarara, kufamba vakatwasuka.
Muromo wemhuka idzi unonzi iwo wekupedzisira muromo, uyo unokwanisa kufamba kwakanyatsonaka, kunyanya nekuda kwe yakataurwa dermal mapfupa iyo inoumbwa nayo. Iwo mazino anowanzo kuve madiki madiki eaya dermal mapfupa, uye zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti kutsemuka kana kurasikirwa kwavo kunova kusingagadzirisike kukuvara.
Humwe hunhu ndehwekuti pamusoro peiyo skeleton remukati, zvakare vane mapfupa muzvikamu zveganda ravo sezvikero. Kana zvasvika pakusarudza kana hove yemabhonzo ndeyemhando imwe kana imwe, aya masikero, kunyanya ayo anowanikwa mune avo lateral uye inopindirana mutsetse, vanogona kutibatsira zvikuru.
Panyaya yemapini, hove dzemabhonzo dzine akati wandei chiuno zvimbi, vaviri zvimbi zvemumhashu o pectorals (iwo akaenzana maererano nechimiro chemuviri uye chimiro) uye a kana zvimbi zvakati wandei kana zvemashure. Zvichienderana nenzvimbo yepelvic uye thoracic fins, mhando ina dzinomuka de peces pfupa: dumbus (kana mapini echiuno achigara ari kumashure kwemapapiro emhashu), thoracic (kana mapini echiuno ari pakukwirira kwakaenzana kana kuti zvishoma kuseri kweiyo yetracic), yogulars (kana mapini echiuno ari pamberi pechigunwe chechipfuva) uye, pakupedzisira, iyo apodal (Ndidzo hove dzemabhonzo dzinoshaya mapini echiuno).
Zvokudya
Teething, ndiko kuti, mazino, uye chimiro chegadziriro yekugaya chinogadzirisa kana uchitsanangura kudya kwehove idzi. Kazhinji, dzinowanzova mhuka dzinodya, ine dumbu rakakura, iro rine akati wandei pyloric cecum, uye pfupi uye yakatwasuka ura.
Nekudaro, kune hove dzemabhonzo idzo dzinodyiwa ndedzemhando inodyisa, idumbu rayo rakareruka, iro dzimwe nguva rinopatsanuka, zvichikonzera mudumbu rakajairika uye imwe crusher. Kune chikamu chayo, ura hwakaomesesa uye hwakareba.
Kuberekerwa
Kubereka kwehove dzemabhonzo ndiko zvepabonde, vachipa vanhurume nevanhukadzi vakasiyana. Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti mune dzakawanda zvemarudzi de peces mapfupa zvinova zvakanyanya, zvakaoma kwazvo kusiyanisa pakati pevarume nevakadzi, sezvo vasingaratidzi dimorphism yakajeka yepabonde. Kune rumwe rutivi, kune mamwe marudzi umo varume nevakadzi, nekufamba kwenguva, vanoshandurwa. Kune izvi zvakasiyana-siyana de peces hove dzine bony dzinozivikanwa sequential hermaphrodites.
Vanhurume vanoshaya nhengo yekumanikidza sezvo kusangana kuri kwekunze, kunze kwekumwe kusarudzika umo vanhurume vane zvimbi zvemukati izvo zvinoita kuti kuita kwemukati kwekusangana kuvepo.
Ruzhinji ihove oviparous, kunyange zvakajairika kuti nyaya dzioneke de peces bone ovhonziparous y viviparous. zvimwe zvakasiyana de peces Vanochengeta mazai avo kusvika achechenywa uye vana vazvarwa, asi hazviwanzoitiki.
Iyo yakasarudzika nguva yekuberekesa inoenderana zvakanyanya pane mhando.
Musiyano uripo pakati pehove dzebony nehove dzizere
Sezvakatsanangurwa kana kudomwa muchinyorwa chino, mukati mepasi rose rehove, tinowana mhando mbiri huru: hove dzemabhonzo y hove dzemhashu. Kunyangwe pangave nekufanana kwakawanda pakati pavo, kune zvimwe kusiyana zvinovaparadzanisa.
Bony hove zviri pachena kuti dzine skeleton pfupa muviri nepo iyo yehove yeti cartilaginous iri inoumbwa ne cartilage.
Mune hove dzemabhonzo hongu iyo kushambira dundira uye a muswe fin akaenzana lobes. Muchiitiko chehove dzemhashu, hapana kushambira dundira and the muswe fin une lobes akasarudzika.
Zviyero zviri muhove dzemabhonzo ndezve cycloid mhando. Hove dze Cartilaginous vane miviri yavo yakafukidzwa nezviyero zvidiki zve placoid mhando kusapindirana.
Kana iri yekufema, kune mumwezve musiyano. Muhove dzemabhonzo mune mana mana emagill uye gill operculumNekudaro, izvi hazvisizvo mune hove dzemhasuru. Ava varipo mashanu kana matanhatu mapaundi ekuvhurika kwegill uye hapana gill operculum.
Mienzaniso de peces bone
Kunyanya, hove zhinji dzatinoziva ndedze "kirabhu" yehove dzemabhonzo. Huwandu hukuru hwemienzaniso inogona kupihwa. Heano mamwe acho: grouper, sardines, saumoni, hake, carp, mackerel, gungwa bass, bonito, salmon, bhiza mackerel, nezvimwe..
Kupatsanurwa kwehove dzebony
Mukati memhuri yega yehove dzemabhonzo, tinogona kusimbisa kusiyanisa kutsva kana kupatsanura, vane protagonists vane vanogarling and the sarcopterygios.
ari vanogarling Ihove dzemabhonzo dzakaburitsa zvimbi zvakagadzirwa nemapfupa. Dehenya rayo rinonyanya kugadzirwa necartilaginous tishu. Ivo vane maviri gill akavhurika akachengetedzwa neoperculum, uye zviyero zvinonamira uye zvakashata. Ivo havana mhino yemukati kana cloaca.
ari sarcopterygios ihove dzemabhonzo dzine kana zvimbi zvinyama zvine nyama kana nyama. Machende aya akafanana chaizvo nemapini emamwe maamphibian, inova chiratidzo chakajeka cheshanduko. Mukati mavo, tine chimwezve chidimbu, pakati pehove coelacantiforms, akatumidzwa zita rekuti richivechs, nehove mapapu o Dipneas.
Tinovimba isu takakwanisa kukuzivisai kuboka iri remhuka dziripo muzuva redu nhasi uye muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, asi izvo zvatingangodaro tisingazive zvimwe zvinhu zvinoita kuti dzive dzakakosha kwazvo hove.