Catfish hove Ndiyo imwe yehove dzinozivikanwa pasi rose. Inosiyaniswa nendebvu dzayo dzakakura, dzakafanana nedzekatsi. Inozivikanwawo sehove yekatsi uye inowanikwa muhuwandu hwakawanda mugungwa nemunzizi. Ndeyerudzi rwe Catfish uye mhuri PimelodiadaeBoka iri rinosanganisira hove dzakafuta, dzine mafuta akawanda uye, nokudaro, nyama yakawanda inokosheswa kudyiwa nevanhu.
Boka guru rehove dzekatsi rinosanganisira mhuri dzakawanda nezviuru zvemarudziine mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehukuru, maumbirwo, mavara, nzvimbo dzekugara, uye maitiro. Kune hove diki dzekatsi dzine urefu husingasviki sendimita imwe chete uye hofori hombe dzinorema zviri nyore kupfuura makirogiramu mazana maviri, zvichiita kuti urongwa uhwu huve humwe hwemhuka dzine mapfupa emumvura dzakasiyana-siyana. Kuwedzera pakukosha kwadzo kune zvakatipoteredza, mhando dzakawanda dzinokosha kune aquaculture uye inomiririra chiwanikwa chakakosha chehupfumi munyika dzakawanda.
Munyaya ino tichatsanangura hove iyi zvakadzama uye zvese zvinoiumba. maficha uye mashandiro Zvavanowana muzvimbuzi zvemvura, muzvisikwa, uye muhupfumi. Unoda kuziva zvakawanda nezvehove dzekatsi? Ramba uchiverenga
Mhando huru
Ruzhinji rwemhando dzehove dzekatsi dzinowanikwa muhuwandu hwe CatfishInonziwo catfish nekuti ine ndebvu dzakagadzirwa kubva mumatende akakomberedza muromo wayo dzakafanana nendebvu dzekatsi. Ndebvu idzi Dzinonzi filamentous barbelsDzimwe hove dzine shiri idzi pasi pemiromo yadzo kana kuti kunyange pamhino dzadzo. Kufanana nekatsi, shinda idzi dzinoshandiswa se... nhengo yekunzwakuona zviri nyore chikafu chavachadya kunyangwe mumvura ine rima uye vasinganyatsooni zvakanaka.
Huwandu hwemabarbel hunosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi, asi mazhinji acho ane kusvika mapeya mana inopararira munzvimbo dzese dzemhino, dzemazamu, uye dzepfungwa. Zvimiro izvi zvakazara ne chemoreceptorskuitira kuti hove "iravire" uye "inhuwidze" nharaunda painobatwa, zvichiita kuti ikwanise kuwana mhuka dzakafa, zvakaora, kana zvasara zvechisikigo pasi nemazvo.
Miviri yavo ine misana yakapinza, inodzoreka kumashure pamberi pemapazi avo emusana neemudumbu. Misana iyi inobatsira zvikuru muzvisikwa kana ikarwiswa nezvikara. Uyezve, mimwe yemisana iyi ine maronda emuchetura izvo zvinogona kuisa chepfu dzinodzivirira. Zvichienderana nerudzi rwehove dzekatsi, dzinogona kunge dziine mitsetse iyi kana kuti dzikasava nayo, uye simba reuturu rinosiyanawo. Mumarudzi mazhinji, kuruma kunonzwa sekunge kutsva kwakanyanyaSaka, dzinofanira kugara dzichibatwa nokungwarira.
Hunhu hwakakosha hwecatfish ndeyekuti ine ganda rakaomarara uye risina zviyeroMamwe mapoka ane mapundu eganda anoshanda sechidziviriro chekuzvidzivirira kubva mukurwiswa nezvikara. Chidziviriro ichi chakashanduka uye chakatsiva makwande mumhuri dzakawanda (dzakadai seLoricariidae kana Doradidae), idzo dzine "nhovo" dzemapfupa dzakatenderedzwa pamwe chete nehurefu hwemiviri yadzo.
Zvichienderana nemhando yezvisikwa tinogona kuwana mamwe masayizi akasiyana anoenda kubva pamasentimita makumi mashanu kusvika pamamita maviri pakureba. Inogona chaizvo kukura zvikuru. Panyaya yehuremu, tinoiwana iri pakati pe50 kusvika 2 kilograms. Iyo hombe catfish yakambonyorwa yaive ne saizi yacho inosvika mamita matatu pakureba uye huremu hunosvika 250 kgkunyangwe mukati mehurongwa hwacho hwese, vanhu vakatsanangurwa vanosvika mamita anoda kusvika mana uye vanorema makirogiramu mazana matatu.
Kusiyana kwehukuru mukati meSiluriformes kwakakura zvekuti vanoonekwa seimwe yemapoka de peces mapfupa ane saizi dzakasiyana-siyana: kubva kumhando diki dzine hurefu husingapfuure 1 cm kusvika kuhove dzemumvura dzakaita seEuropean wels catfish (Silurus glanis) kana hove hombe yeMekong catfish (Pangasianodon gigas).
Kupatsanura uye kwakabva catfish
Hove dzeCatfish dzinoumba urongwa Catfishboka re monophyletic rinotsigirwa zvakanyanya ne humbowo hwemamorekuruIvo chikamu che superorder Ostariophysisizvo zvinosanganisirawo hove dzerudzi rwecarp, tetras, hove dzemagetsi dzekuSouth America nedzimwe mhando dzinozivikanwa neWeber apparatus, chimiro chemapfupa chinobatanidza dundira rekushambira nenzeve yemukati uye chinowedzera kugona kwadzo kunzwa.
Parizvino, zvinotevera zvinozivikanwa mhuri dzakawanda mukati meodha yeSiluriformes (inopfuura makumi matatu zvichienderana nevanyori vazhinji), inenge 400 marudzi uye zvimwe zve 3.000 yakatsanangurwa mhandoIzvi zvinoreva kuti Rudzi rumwe chete pamarudzi makumi maviri emhuka dzine mapfupa anotenderera Inonyanya kuzivikanwa ihove yekatsi, iyo inoisa kurongeka uku pakati pechipiri kana chechitatu chine mhando dzakasiyana-siyana pasi rose maererano nehuwandu hwemarudzi.
Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemhuri dzakanyanya kuwanda uye dzinosanganisira mapoka akadai se Ictaluridae (hove dzekatsi dzeNorth America dzakajairika), Pimelodidae (hove hombe yeSouth America), Loricariidae (hove dzinodyisa pasi dzakagadzirwa nezvombo kana kuti plecos), Callichthyidae (coridoras), Ariidae (hove dzemugungwa), Claridae (hove dzinofamba netsoka dzinofema mweya) nedzimwe dzakawanda. Dzimwe mhuri dzinogara mumvura yakachena, dzimwe munzvimbo dzegungwa, uye dzimwe shoma dzinogara mumvura nepanyika dzakasiyana-siyana.
Kubva pamaonero ekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu, zvinotendwa kuti hove yekatsi ine Mavambo echiGondwana, yakatarisana zvakanyanya neSouth America. Zvisaririra zvehove dzekatsi dzakadzivirirwa nezvombo AfrocascudoKuwanikwa kwe siluriforms muUpper Cretaceous sediments kuNorth Africa kunoratidza kuti kupatsanurwa kwe siluriforms kwaitove kwakapararira Gondwana supercontinent isati yaparara, izvo zvinotsanangura kuvapo kwavo pari zvino munenge makondinendi ese.
Kurongeka kweboka iri kuri kugara kuchigadziriswa: mhando itsva nemhuri dziri kuramba dzichitsanangurwa, uye zvidzidzo zvemajini zviri kuramba zvichivandudza ruzivo rwemukati rweSiluriformesIzvi zvinoita kuti hove dzekatsi dzive boka rine simba uye rinonakidza kubva pamaonero esainzi.
Range uye pekugara
Rudzi urwu runowanikwa muGungwa reCaribbean neAtlantic Ocean. Zvakajairika kuvaona mu Gulf of Mexico nedzimwe nyikaZvisinei, kana tichitaura nezveboka rehove dzekatsi, kupararira kwadzo kwakafanana nepasi rose: dzinogona kuwanikwa mu mvura dzemumakondinendi nedzemumahombekombe emakondinendi ese, kunze kweAntarctica.
Nzvimbo yayo yechisikigo inonyanya kuganhurirwa kunzvimbo tropical uye subtropicaluko kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemarudzi, kunyanya muSouth America, Asia, neAfrica. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, hove dzekatsi dziripowo munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze eNorth America neEurope, dzakadai seEuropean wels catfish. Ndidzo chete hove dzema ostariophysan dzakabudirira kugara mudzimba. nzvimbo dzemvura yakachena muMadagascar, Australia neNew Guinea.
Dzakawanda kwazvo pedyo nenzvimbo dze mvura yakachena nenzizi huruIngava munzizi kana mugungwa, haigari munzvimbo dzakadzika zvakanyanya, asi munzvimbo dzine mvura yakawanda. zvinomera, midzi nemiti kuvanda kubva kuzvikara uye mhuka dzinodya dzisiri dzavo. Mhando zhinji dzinofarira pasi pe jecha, mavhu kana matope mumvura dzakachena uye dzine mumvuri, nepo dzimwe dzichikwanisa kugara mumvura ine rima isingaonekwe zvakanaka.
Kunewo hove dzekatsi dzakagadzira nzvimbo dzekugara dzakanyatsogadzirwa: mhuri dzinenge sere dzine mhando dzemhuka hypogea (vanogara pasi pevhu) uye vamwe vari troglobias (vanogara mumapako chete), vakaita se Phreatobius cisternarum, iyo inogara mupasi pevhu. Kune rumwe rutivi, mamwe marudzi emhuri Ariidae y Plotosidae Imhuka dzemugungwa kana kuti dzemugungwa uye dzinogara mumvura ine munyu.
Kazhinji, vanoonekwa sehove dze tsika dze benthicKureva kuti, dzine hukama nepasi. Dzinoratidza kusadzikama (dzinowanzo kunyura) nekuda kwemusoro wadzo wakaremara, une mapfupa uye dundira rekushambira rakaderera, izvo zvinodzibatsira kugara pedyo nepasi pevhu padzinodya.
Maitiro uye kudya
Iyi ihove ine rugare. Zvisinei, kana iri munjodzi, inokwanisa kuburitsa uturu hwakachengetwa mumitsipa yemapazi ayo. Simba reuturu rinoenderana nerudzi rwehove uye rinogona kukonzera kurwadziwa kwakanyanya uye maitiro ekuzvimba muvanhu nedzimwe mhuka.
Chikara chikuru chine hove dzecatfish vanhuDambudziko guru rayo nderekuti mhuka iyi inogara ichiredzwa kuti iwane nyama yayo. Pamusoro pezvo, kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo dzayo, kusvibiswa kwevhu, uye kushandiswa zvakanyanya kwemhuka munzvimbo dzakasiyana zvakaderedza huwandu hwevanhu. Zvisinei, mhando dzakawanda dzinofungidzirwa kuti dziri kubatwa. resilient uye dzinoberekana zviri nyore, izvo zvakabatsira kushandiswa kwadzo mukurima gungwa.
Kana iri hove dzinokwanisa kuvhima, inyanzvi huru yekupa mukana wekuti dzikwanise kudya pasina kushandisa simba rakawanda. zvinodya nyama yehusiku Vanoshandisa zvasara zvemhuka, mhuka dzakafa, hove diki dzinorwara kana dzisina simba, uye marudzi ese ezvinhu zviripo pasi pegungwa. Nzira iyi inovabvumira kushandisa mari yakawanda. simba shoma shoma zvichienzaniswa nezvikara zvinoshambira zvine simba uye zvinokurumidza.
Kudya kwavo kunosiyana zvichienderana nekuti nzvimbo yavo yechisikigo irwizi here kana kuti gungwa. Avo vanogara munzizi vanomirira kuti mvura iuye nechikafu chavo. Nokudaro, havaonekwi sevavhimi vakuru, asi vanongoda mikana. Zvakasiyana ndezvechokwadi kune avo vanogara mugungwa, uko mhando dzakawanda dzinova... zvinodya nyama zvinoshandaNyama yavanoda kudya inosanganisira hove diki kupfuura ivo, shiri dzemugungwa, honye, zvipembenene zvemumvura, nezvimwe zvisikwa zvisina mapfupa emusana.
Mukati meboka iri munewo marudzi omnivorous izvo zvinosanganisira mune zvavanodya algae, mbeu nezvisaririra zvezvirimwa, uye kunyange zvimwe miriwo cheteKuchinja-chinja kwekudya uku kunotsanangura chikonzero nei hove dzekatsi dzichibudirira kudaro uye nei dzimwe mhando dzichigona kupinda muropa kana dzikaunzwa munzvimbo dzisiri dzavo.
Catfish kubereka
Kana yasvika pakureba kwemasendimita makumi maviri nemashanu, inonzi yasvika pakakwirira. kukura pabondeKubereka kunotanga apo chitubu chinoswedera uye tembiricha inokwira. Mumarudzi mazhinji, mwaka wekubereka unonyanya kudziya zvikuru mugore. Kuberekesa kunoitika kunze: hadzi inoburitsa mazai uye hono inoaberekesa mumvura.
Kuti zviitwe izvi, hove dzechikadzi dzinokandira mazai kamwe chete pagore. Zvisinei, hove dzechirume dzinokwanisa kuberekesa hove dzechikadzi dzakawanda. Huwandu hwemazai anoburitswa hunoenderana ne saizi nezera yehadzi, uye inogona kubva pamazana mashoma kusvika kuzviuru zvakati wandei pakubata, zvichipa boka mukana mukuru wekupora kana mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka.
Kana tichida kuti kubereka kutange mutangi rehove, zvakakosha kuti tembiricha irambe iri padyo 20 degrees kana kuti yakakwira zvishoma, zvichienderana nerudzi rwacho. Mamiriro enzvimbo yadzinogara anofanira kutevedzera zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, kusanganisira kutenderera kwechiedza, kunaka kwemvura, uye kuvapo kwenzvimbo dzekuvanda uko vakuru vanogona chengetedza nzvimbo yachoMumarudzi mazhinji, hono inovaka kana kugadzirira dendere, gomba, kana pekugara painokwezva hono hono.
Kune rumwe rutivi, nguva iyo Mazai acho anotora mazuva masere kuti abudeZvisinei, nguva iyi inogona kuva pfupi kana yakareba zvichienderana nekupisa kwemvura. Makonye anowanzo tanga adya goko rawo remuzambiringa, uye mushure memazuva mashoma (pakati pe3 ne5 zvichienderana nerudzi), anotanga kudya. zooplanktonzvipembenene zvidiki zvisina mapfupa emusana uyezve zvikafu zvidiki zvechikafu zvinokangwa.
Nyama yeCatfish iri kudiwa zvikuru nekuda kwemhando yepamusoro uye mutengo wayo. Ine huwandu hwakawanda hwe... protein, huwandu hushoma hwemapfupa akanaka mumarudzi akawanda uye kunaka kwakapfava kunokosheswa zvikuru mukudya kwechinyakare kwenyika dzakawanda.
Kutapwa
Paunenge uchitenga catfish ye aquarium yako, zvakakosha kuziva kuti tsika dzemarudzi kugadzirira aquarium nenzira imwe kana imwe. Zvinofanira kufungwa kuti tsika dzinosiyana zvikuru pakati pemarudzi. Nokudaro, maitiro emukati, pamwe chete netangi rehove, Dzinofanira kunge dzichienderana nerudzi rwehove dzekatsi dzatichatanga kutaura..
Ruzhinji rwavo vanoda matanda nezvimwe zvekushandisa kukwanisa hwandaMamwe marudzi anoda chiedza chidiki uye anoda ma aquarium ane nzvimbo dzine mumvuriZvirimwa zvinoyangarara uye nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza matombo kana matanda zvakajairika. Zvimwe, zvakaita seCorydoras, zvinofarira pasi pakavhurika dzine nzvimbo yekudyara mujecha.
Nezvekupa chikafu, unofanirawo kuziva kuti nderudzii rwayo uye kuti inoidya sei isati yasvika; mimwe yacho vanodya nyama, vamwe herbivores Uye vazhinji vanotodya marudzi ese echikafu (omnivores). Tichifunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu aya, tinogona kuawana muzvitoro zvakawanda zvema aquarium. catfish hove chikafu Kudya uku kwakaringana kunobatsira zvikuru pakuchengetedza hove. Kunogona kuwedzerwa nezvikafu zvipenyu kana zvakachengetwa muchando (makonye, shrimp ine brine, crustaceans diki) uye mapiritsi ekunyura kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti hapana zvinovaka muviri zvakakosha zvinoshaikwa.
Pazasi pe aquarium, zvinokurudzirwa kuti ive ne chimiro chakanaka saka dzinogona kugadzikana zvakanaka pasi. Tinofanira kuyeuka kuti hove idzi dzinopedza nguva yadzo yakawanda pasi pe aquarium, uye kana tikaisa yakanaka yematombo-akafanana mamiriroDzinochinjika zviri nani uye matende adzo anodzivirirwa kubva mukukuvadzwa. Mumhando dzine mabarbel akabudirira zvikuru, jecha rakapfava rinofarirwa kupfuura matombo akapinza.
Mvura inofanira kuramba iripo yakachena and with oxygenation yakanakaSaka, nzira yekusefa inofanira kunge yakanaka kana tichida kuva nechokwadi chekuti dzinorarama. Sehove dzemu benthic, dzinonzwa zvakanyanya kuungana kwehove. marara pasiSaka, zvinokurudzirwa kunwa mvura nguva dzose, kuchinja mvura zvishoma, uye kudzivirira kudya zvakawandisa zvinokonzeresa kuora kwezvisaririra.
Imwe pfungwa yakakosha ndeye saizi yevakuru yemhando iyi. Dzimwe hove dzekatsi dzinotengeswa dzichiri hove diki sehove dzekushongedza dzinogona kukura zvakakura uye hadzina kukodzera kugara mumaaquarium madiki epamba, zvichida madziva kana maaquarium everuzhinji. Usati watenga, iva nechokwadi chekutsvagisa hukuru hwadzo uye maitiro adzo (dzimwe mhando dzine rugare, nepo dzimwe dzichidya mhuka).
Catfish hove kuziva
Hove iyi ine nzira yakasiyana yekutaurirana. Inogadzira ruzha rusinganzwisisike runonzi stridulationManzwi aya anosanganisira ruzha rwekuchema kana kugogodza runoburitswa nekukwesha misana yemapazi epachipfuva pabhandi repafudzi kana nekuzunguza dundira rekushambira uchishandisa tsandanyama dzakagadzirwa. Manzwi aya anobatsira tauriranai mumamiriro ezvinhu ekudanana, ekudzivirira, kana ekuvhundutsa uye zvinogona kusiyana muhukuru, nguva, uye maitiro zvichienderana nerudzi uye mamiriro acho ezvinhu.
Pamusoro pe stridulation, mhando dzakawanda dzakanyatsogadzirwa kunzwa nekuda kweWeberian apparatus, iyo inovabvumira kuti kuona ruzha rusina ruzha rwakanyanya uye tsvaga kwakabva ruzha rwepasi pemvura. Iyi sisitimu yekutaurirana kweacoustic inokosha munzvimbo dzisina kujeka uko kuona kwakaderera.
Muma aquariums, inoshandiswa Chenesa mari sezvo vachidya zvese zvavanogona kubata netsoka dzavo. Kunyangwe zvisingatsivi kutarisirwa kwakakodzera, mhando dzakawanda dzehove dzekatsi dzinobatsira dzora marara echisikigoalgae nezvimedu zvechikafu, saka zvinoonekwa se "midziyo yekuchenesa" chaiyo muaquariums.
Kuchengeta jaya murume anofanira kutsvaga nzvimbo yakakodzera iyo hadzi inokandira mazaiMune dzimwe mhando, hono inodzivirira mazai kubva kuzvikara, ichiratidza hunhu hwakanaka hwevabereki. Mune dzimwe, vabereki vese vanobatanidzwa mukudzivirira dendere kana pekugara.
Mamwe marudzi ehove dzekatsi akachinja zvakanyanya: kune hove dzemagetsi dzekatsi inokwanisa kuburitsa zvinhu zvinokatyamadza, "ichifamba" nehove dzekatsi dzinogona kufamba panyika yakanyorova dzichishandisa zvipete zvadzo zvepachipfuva nemhepo inofema, uye hove dzekatsi dzinogara mumapako dzinenge dzarasikirwa neruvara rweganda uye kuona zvachose.
Kubva pamaonero ehupfumi nemagariro evanhu, hove dzekatsi ndeimwe yehove dzinonyanya kupfuyiwa zvakanyanya mukurima hove pasi rose, zvichipa mapuroteni anodhura zvishoma uye kuwana mabasa munzvimbo dzekumaruwa. Kurimwa kwayo zvakanyanya mumadziva kana mumakeji kwakapararira muAmerica yese, Africa neAsia, nemarudzi emhuka dzakasanganiswa nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana dzakasarudzwa nekuda kwekukura kwadzo nekukurumidza uye kujairana nemapurazi zvakanaka.
Musanganiswa wese uyu wekusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu, chimiro chemuviriKukosha kwenzvimbo uye kukosha kwehupfumi hwehove dzekatsi zvinoita kuti dzive boka de peces Zvinonakidza zvikuru kune avo vanofarira zvisikwa, ma aquarium kana gastronomy.