Imwe yeanonyanya kuda kuziva uye asinganzwisisike shark aripo mumakungwa ese ndeye chipoko shark, imwe ye hove dzakawanda dzinoda kuzivaNdiyo imwe yemhando de peces mapfupa ecartilaginous anowedzera kutsvedza, saka Zvakaoma zvikuru kuona. uye kudzidza nezve biology yayo zvakadzama. Iboka iro isu tichiri kudzidza nguva nenguva nekuda kwezvakarekodhwa, zvakawanikwa mumishandirapamwe yetsvakurudzo, uye zvienzaniso zvinosuka zvakafa pamahombekombe.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve ghost shark uye chii chinozivikanwa nezve maitiro ayo uye maitiro, kubatanidza nyowani kiyi data nezve yayo. morphology, habitat, kudya, kubereka y mamiriro ekuchengetedza.
Mhando huru
Iboka de peces iyo, kunyange ichiwanzonzi shark, inozivikanwa zviri nani nezita re chimeras. ndevemhuri Chimaeridae (pakati pedzimwe mhuri dzehurongwa hwakafanana) uye kune murume kana mukadzi Hydrolagus mune dzinoverengeka dzemarudzi ayo; kurongeka ndiko Chimaeriformes, mumiriri anorarama chete wepasi HolocephaliPanzvimbo pe "shark" imwe chete, nhasi tinoziva makumi emarudzi echimeras, zvese zvine maitiro akafanana uye zvinoshamisa zvimwe.
Kuonekwa kwayo kunoshamisa zvechokwadi: musoro unoratidza mitsara uye zvidziviriro zvinoyeuchidza sutured ndiroizvo zvinovapa chitarisiko ichocho chekare. Meso avo akakura, ane ruvara rwakasiyana-siyana anoita se "girazi," kuchinjika kune kushaya chiedza pakadzika. Kusiyana nedzimwe shark, hadzina mazino akapinza anogona kutsiva; pachinzvimbo, vane mazino ndiro anoita semaguyo okupwanya nyama yakaoma.
Rugwaro rwepakutanga rwaiti “haina mazino makuru, anotyisa; panzvimbo pemazino, ine mabhonzo okukuya nayo zvokudya zvayo.” Iyi poindi yakakosha: mahwendefa emazino ari zvachose uye inopikisa zvakanyanya, yakanakira crustaceans uye mollusks.
Kuonekwa kwemhando iyi, iripo kubva ipapo mazana emamiriyoni emakoreIzvo zvakasiyana zvekuti ivo vanowanzodanwa zvakare hove yegonzo o rabbitfish, inofungidzirwa pakati pe hove dzisingawanzo kuwanikwa munyika nokuda kwechimiro chemuromo wayo nemuswe. Chimwe chezvimiro zvayo zvakanyanya kusiyanisa ndeye yakanyanya bluish-grey kana chena ruvara mune mimwe mienzaniso, iyo inobatsira kune zita remadunhurirwa rekuti "ghost". Mhino yaro yakanongedza uye, muvarume, ine mukurumbira... retractable reproductive nhengo mumusoro (cephalic tentacle), kuwedzera kune clasps kana kuti pterygopodia yekubatanidza.
Imwe mutsauko wakakosha kubva ku "classic" shark ndeyekuti chimeras inoratidza a operculum iyo inovhara magill, kuitira kuti kuvhura kwegill kuonekwe kune rumwe rutivi. Ivo zvakare havana kukanganisa nekuda kwe munzwa une chepfu pamberi pekutanga dorsal fin, inoshandiswa sekudzivirira; uye nenzira yayo yokufamba “nokunyungudika” nesimba kubvongodzwa kwepectoral fins.
- Cartilaginous skeleton uye shaya yakabatana padehenya (holocephaly).
- Dental plates zvechigarire zvekupwanya mbavha yakaoma.
- Venomous musana pamagumo ekutanga kudzivirira.
- Branchial operculum uye buri rimwe chete parutivi.
- Kusununguka pamwe nekusununguka kwepectoral fins.
- Colorations zvinosiyana: brown, grey, chena kana bluish.
- Talla avhareji yakatenderedza 1 m, nemhando dzemhando kubva kumadecimita mashoma kusvika kunosvika 2 m.
Pakati pemarudzi anozivikanwa zvikuru Hydrolagus trolli (ghost shark ine mhino yakanongedza), Hydrolagus melanophasma, Hydrolagus matallanasi, uye chimera dzedzimwe mhuri dzakadai se Callorhinchus milii kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere. Imwe neimwe inogara yakadzika niches uye inoratidza misiyano yemuvara, saizi, uye chimiro chemhuno.
Range uye pekugara
The ghost shark ine nzvimbo yekuparadzira yakafara kwazvoInowanikwa mumakungwa. Indian, Pacific uye Atlanticinorarama mumvura ine mwero uye, zvichienderana nemarudzi, uyewo munzvimbo dzinopisa. Nzvimbo yayo yekugara iri mukati pasi pegungwa (benthic habits), pamateru nemikoto, uko chiedza chinenge chisisipo.
Vanowanzokura uye vanogara pakadzika kubva mazana akawanda emamita kusvika kumatanho anopfuura zviuru zviviri zvemamitaKunyangwe huwandu hwayo hunowanzo gara hwakatenderedza nzvimbo yekugezera, zviitiko zvakanyorwa mukati mvura isina kudzika kupfuura zvakajairwa, izvo zvakagonesa kumwe kucherechedzwa kwazvino uye kutora mafirimu uchishandisa mota dzinofambiswa kure (ROVs).
Chinyorwa chekutanga chinotaura kuti nzvimbo yaro yechisikigo Iri munzvimbo yakatenderedza Gungwa reTasman uye akawanda zvikuru pakati pekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva nepakati pePacific. Hongu, marudzi akati wandei akaiswa munzvimbo iyoyo, asi kune kumwe kugoverwa kunooneka: semuenzaniso, Chatham RiseKumabvazuva kweNew Zealand, yanga iri nzvimbo yakakosha kuwanikwa, uye marekodhi akashumwa zvakare California neHawaii kune zvipenyu zvakadai seHydrolagus trolli.
Hunhu hwake ndihwo escurridizo uye mamiriro enzvimbo yakadzika anoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kutevera. Ihove dzinokurumidza kufamba dzinochinjana pakati pekufamba zvishoma nezvishoma uye speed inoputika uye kamwe-kamwe kuchinja kwegwara pavanenge vaona mhuka kana zvinogona kutyisidzira.
Ghost shark kudyisa
Mhando yeshaki iyi (chimaera) inodya zvakanyanya pa carnivorous dietChikafu chaicho chemhando yega yega hachizivikanwi zvakadzama, asi pane kubvumirana kuti inodya benthic invertebrates (zvakadai se mollusks uye crustaceans) uye hove dukuIyo morphology yemuromo wayo, iri pazasi pemuviri uye yakashongedzerwa mahwendefa emazino, inoenderana nezano re trituration yematehwe uye carapaces.
Imwe inokatyamadza physiological chimiro ndeye nyore digestive systemKusavapo kwedumbu rakasiyana kunotsanangurwa mumarudzi akawanda, saka chikafu chinopfuura zvakananga mumatumbo. Izvi zvinobvumira kuenderera uye kushanda zvakanaka kwezvokudya zvakaoma uye zvakapfava.
Kutsvakurudza kudya kwavo kwakaoma nokuti kudzika kwavanogara uye kufamba kwavo. Kunyange zvakadaro, zviri mudumbu zvinoongorora uye kutarisa kwakananga neROVs kunongedza kune zvakapambwa senge decapod crustaceans, bivalve molluscs uye gastropods, polychaetes nehove duku dzedemersal. Iyo ine simba reshaya musculature uye kupindirana kwemahwendefa emazino kunotsanangura kugona kwavo mukupwanya zvimiro zvakaverengerwa.
Zvinyorwa zvepakutanga zvakatoratidza kuti "kudya kwavo kunosanganisira crustaceans nehove diki," uye pfungwa iyi inosimbiswa nedata remushandirapamwe richangobva kuitika: chikafu chine mukana, kufarira kwepasi nyama uye nekusiyana zvichienderana nerudzi uye nharaunda.
Kuberekwazve kwechipoko shark
Nezvekuberekana kwadzo, hove idzi dzinoratidza oviparityDzinoberekana nemazai. Copulation ndeyemukati uye varume vanoshandisa clasps (copulatory appendages) uye a retractable cephalic tentacle kudzora mukadzi. Hadzi dzinobereka egg capsules shinda dzedehwe dzinogara kuzasi, uko mazai anopedzisa kukura kwawo.
Kubereka kwavo kunotanga pavanosvika pa kukura pabondeRugwaro rwepakutanga rwairatidza kuti danho iri rinoitika kana dzapfuura masendimita 55 pakureba; kunyangwe ichisiyana pakati pezvipenyu, muenzaniso wacho unoenderana: kutanga vanokura, vobva vatama vakananga mvura isina kudzika kana nzvimbo dze substrate yakakodzera yekuisa, uye pakupedzisira kusunungura mazai akadzivirirwa ne capsules muchimiro che "bhegi".
Pane zvinyorwa zvishoma zvakananga zvekusangana musango, saka zvakawanda zvatinoziva zvinobva zvakacherechedzwa uye kubva pakudzidza mazai nema embryo. Mamwe marudzi anoratidza mwaka yekuisaMune mamwe marudzi, oviposition inogona kunge yakapararira, asi mune dzimwe inogona kuwedzerwa. upenyu hunotarisirwa Inofungidzirwa, mune akati wandei chimera, kuve pakati peanopfuura makore gumi kusvika maviri, ine interspecific musiyano.
Imwe tsanangudzo yeanatomical inomutsa kuda kuziva ndeyekuti, mune mamwe marudzi, murume ane retractable appendix pahuma, ane basa chairo richiri kudzidzwa. Ichi chimiro, pamwe chete ne claspers uye mamwe prepelvic appendages, inoumba a arsenal yekubereka yakasiyana nehove yecartilaginous.
Zvinotyisidzira uye kuchengetedza
Nhasi, marudzi mazhinji echimera akanyorwa se kushushikana kudiki mukuongororwa kwekuchengetedza, asi izvi hazvirevi kusavapo kwenjodzi. Kazhinji ivo vanobatwa neiyo bycatch mumidziyo yekuredza yepasi, kunyanya mambure netambo refu, uye ne Trawling pasina kutonga mune mamwe matunhu.
Yake kushandiswa munzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, semuenzaniso, Callorhinchus milii MuAustralia neNew Zealand, inotengeswa sechinotsiva dzimwe hove. Kune zvakare mishumo yekubata hove mumitambo, kunyange hazvo zvisingawanzo kutariswa. Mune zvinyorwa zvepasi rose, akati wandei chimera achiri kushaikwa data yakakwana, zvichiratidza kuoma kwavanoita kuongorora.
Imwe nyaya ndeye Hydrolagus matallanasi, inofungidzirwa kuti iri mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru nekuda kwedzvinyiriro yekubata hove muchikamu chehuwandu hwayo. Kushaikwa kwekuonekwa kwesainzi pazvipenyu zvegungwa rakadzika zvinoda a precautionary management uye kusimbiswa kwezvirongwa zvekucherechedza.
Kuomerwa nekudzidza uye zvakatanhamara zvakawanikwa
Mhuka iyi inogara kudzika kwakanyanyisa, akapoteredza 2 makiromita pasi pepamusoro muzviitiko zvakawanda, uye velocity Kufamba kwavo kunoita kuti kuona kwakasimba kuome. Naizvozvo, chidzidzo chakatsamira pamishandirapamwe ne motokari dzisina munhu uye zvakawanikwa nemukana.
Chinhu chinokosha chakanyanya kufarirwa kwaiva kurekodhwa kwevhidhiyo yeghost shark neROV kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwePacific, pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa. California neHawaiimunzvimbo iyo mhuka chaiyo (yaimbove yakabatana nemamwe mativi) yakanga isingatarisirwi. Chitupa chakanongedza Hydrolagus trolli, nemhino yakanongedza, neshaya yakabatana nedehenya uye mazino ndiro yakasimba. Aya marudzi ezvinyorwa anowedzera mepu yekugovera uye anotiyeuchidza kuti akawanda chimera akawanda yakakura zvezvakatendwa.
Saizvozvowo, kusiyana kwemajini uye morphological kwakatsanangurwa kunosiyanisa vanhu vaimboonekwa semhando imwe chete. Munharaunda ye Chatham Rise (kumabvazuva kweNew Zealand), oceanographic research yaita kuti zvikwanise kuziva chimera itsva uye tsanangura zviri nani kuvapo kwemafomu akamanikana-snouted mumvura ye Australia neNew ZealandKufambira mberi uku kunosimbisa kuti zvishoma zvatichiri kuziva nezve hupenyu hwePasi. gungwa rakadzika.
Mhedziso yekushanda yakajeka: sezvo michina inovandudza uye kuedza sampling kunowedzera, iyo kuona pakadzika zvisina kujairika uye taxonomic revisions. Izvi zvakabvumira tsananguro yezvipenyu zvisingaenderane neizvo zvinozivikanwa muNorth Pacific uye kugadzirwa kwefungidziro dze kuparadzirwa kwakafara kupfuura zvaitarisirwa.
Kushandiswa kwekutengesa uye mukurumbira we ghost shark
Hove idzi Izvo zvinoshandiswa kune zvekutengesa zvinangwa mumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba kweAustralia neNew Zealand, kunyangwe ivo vasiri ivo vanonyanya kutariswa: vanowanzoita se accessory capture muhove dzakadai sekod. Mamwe machimera anobatwa kubva kumahombekombe eNew Zealand uye anonyanya kuitirwa misika iri pedyo.
Kukosha kwemagariro evanhu kunonakidza: a dzinza rinozivikanwa saNgai Tahu Maori Yagara ichifunga mamwe machimera sechikafu chemukurumbira. Munguva yezhizha vanoredzwa, ivo vakanga vachiomesa uye dzaichengetwa mumasaga egungwa, muenzaniso wekushandiswa zvemuno uye mwaka zvakabatana netsika uye kuwanikwa.
Sezvauri kuona, mugungwa ndimo mune zvipenyu zvinoita sengano. Ndinovimba ruzivo urwu runokubatsira kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve ghost shark. Nekuda kwekushanduka kwayo kwekare, yayo akasiyana anatomical features Uye pasinei nehupenyu hwavo munzvimbo yerima, chimeras inoramba iine protagonists mune zvakawanikwa zvinoshandura zvatinoziva pamusoro pegungwa rakadzika; kana tikaramba tichiadzidza, ndipo panobva panyanya kuoneka kudiwa kwaanoita kudzivirira nzvimbo dzavo dzekugara uye kutsigira tsvakurudzo inoita kuti tizvinzwisise tisingavavhiringidzi.
