Kana tichida kutenga mhando yehove yekuwedzera mu aquarium yedu kana dziva, mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehove dzinotivhurira, dzine hukuru hwakasiyana, mavara, uye maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, mukati mekusiyana uku kwakapfuma, kune hove imwe inoonekwa kupfuura dzimwe nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwakaita kuti ive yakakurumbira mu aquariums, hove dzemitambo, uye kupfuya hove. Tiri kutaura nezve carp, imwe ye hove dzemvura inotonhora inonyanya kushandiswa uye inokwanisa kushandiswa munyika.
Carp hove hunhu
La common carp (cyprinus carpioYakatangira kuEurope neAsia. Ihove yemumvura yakachena. kupikisa zvakanyanya y inogona kuchinja Nzvimbo yayo yekugara yakajairwa zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yayo, zvichiita kuti ikure zvakanaka munzizi, madhamu, madhamu emvura, uye madziva anofamba zvishoma nezvishoma kana kuti asina kumira. Kujairika uku kunoshamisa kwakaita kuti isvike kumakondinendi ese, uye inoonekwa seimwe yemhando dzinowanikwa zvakanyanya. de peces yemvura yakachena yakapararira zvikuru pasi rose.
Nekuda kwekusanyanya kugadzikana kwenzvimbo itsva uye kugadzirisa ecosystem, shiri yemugungwa yakawana "ropafadzo" yekupinda mune runyorwa rwemhuka dzesango. 100 Inonyanya Kukuvadza Inotapukira Alien Mhando muPasi Sekureva kweInternational Union for Conservation of Nature, kuvapo kwayo musango kunodzorwa kana kuganhurirwa munyika dzakawanda, sezvo ichigona kubvisa mhando dzemhuka dzemuno uye kuchinja zvinomera zviri pasi pemvura.
Muchimiro chemuviri, karpi ine muviri murefu uye wakasimbaYakareba zvishoma, ine chimiro chakaita sechakaita sedenderedzwa, chine simba remvura mumhando dzesango uye yakareba uye yakakura mumhando dzemumba. miromo mikobvu, ine nyama uye a protractile mouthKureva kuti, inokwanisa kuzviburitsa mberi kuti itore chikafu kubva pasi, kwainowanzo tsvaga pakati pemadhaka.
Pakona yemuromo tinowana mabarbel mana ekunzwaMabhero maviri, rimwe riri kudivi rimwe nerimwe, anoshanda senhengo diki dzinobata uye dzinodya. Mabhero aya anobatsira kuwana chikafu kunyangwe mumvura ine rima, chinhu chinowanzoitika munzvimbo dzinogara mhou dzinodya. Kunyangwe isina mazino, ine... pharyngeal mazino iri muhuro, iyo inokuya nayo chikafu chakadai sembeu dzakaoma, mollusks diki kana crustaceans, ichidzidzvanya pamaplate ane nyanga edehenya.
Chipenga chemusana chakasiyana zvikuru: refu, ine radius yekutanga yakasimba, ine huraichiteverwa nemwaranzi dzakapfava 17 kusvika 22. Chipeto chemusana chinowanzova nemwaranzi 5-7, uye mwaranzi yekutanga yakasimbawo uye ine makumbo akati wandei. Parutivi panomhanya mutsetse weparutivi unoonekwa zvakajeka, inowanzova nemakwande makuru angangoita 32-40 mumhuka dzesango.
Kana iri chitarisiko chayo chekunze, musango wemusango wakafukidzwa zvizere zviyero zvakakura, zvakajairikaRuvara rwakajairika muzvisikwa nderwe brown kusvika girini kumashure, kuchinjira kumanzwi yegoridhe kana yero pamativi nedumbu. Zvipete zvinowanzova bhuruu-grey uye dzimwe nguva zvine mipendero yakatsvuka zvishoma. Mumhando dzemumba, ruvara nemaitiro echikero zvinogona kusiyana zvikuru, kunyanya mumitsetse yekushongedza yakaita sekoi carp.
Kazhinji, iwo akura masimendi anosvika pakureba anosiyana pakati pe 60 uye 90 masentimita, uye uremu hwakatenderedza 9 kilosZvisinei, pasi pemamiriro ekudya akakodzera uye nzvimbo, sampuli dzakanyorwa dzinogona kusvika pahukuru hwe Huremu hunosvika 1,2 metres uye hunosvika 40 kgMunzvimbo dzechisikigo dzine chikafu chidiki kana makwikwi makuru, mhuka dzemusango dzinowanzova diki uye dzakatetepa pane dzemumba.
Iwe unoziva hove inorarama kwenguva yakareba sei Carp? Zvinofungidzirwa kuti dzimwe mhando, kana dziine mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana muhupenyu hwadzo, dzinogona makore anopfuura makumi matanhatu ekuberekwaUye mune zvinyorwa zvinoshamisa, hove dzekarpe dzinotaurwa kuti dzakararama kwenguva yakareba. Naizvozvo, ndeimwe yehove dzemu aquarium nedziva dzine mukana wekugara kwenguva refuChimwe chinhu chinofanira kufungwa nezvacho usati watenga.
Kubva pamaonero emuviri, karpu ihove ectothermic uye eurythermalIzvi zvinoreva kuti tembiricha yemuviri wavo inoenderana nenzvimbo yakapoteredza uye vanotsungirira tembiricha dzakasiyana-siyana. Vanogona kurarama mumvura isina mvura kana kuti ine munyu zvishoma chero bedzi tembiricha yacho iri pakati penzvimbo dzakagadzikana, kazhinji pakati pe 17 uye 24 ºCkunyangwe zvichikwanisa kumira pamusoro penzvimbo dziri pasi nepamusoro penzvimbo iyoyo. Hazvinyanyi kukanganiswa ne low oxygen concentration yakatove nekusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, izvo zvinotsanangura kubudirira kwayo munzvimbo dzakaora.
Panyaya yemaitiro ayo, karpu ihove kugara pasi uye kushamwaridzana nevamweInowanzo famba mumapoka madiki emhuka dzinenge shanu, kunyange zvazvo mumadziva kana munzizi hombe inogona kuumba mapoka makuru. Munguva yemasikati inowanzogara pedyo nepasi kana pakati pemvura, ichitsvaga chikafu, uye inonyanya kushanda mambakwedza nemadekwana.
Ivo vari kunyanya omnivorousnekudya kunosanganisa zvinomera zvemumvura (mashizha, midzi, nhungirwa dzakapfava), zvipembenene nemakonye, diki crustaceanshonye, zooplankton uye kunyange hove dzakafa kana mukana ukamuka. Muzvisikwa, nzira iyi yekudyisa inosanganisira kumutsa madhaka, izvo zvinowedzera kusvibiswa kwemvura, zvinoburitsa zvinovaka muviri zvakavharirwa pasi, uye zvinogona kukurudzira kuzara kwemvura mumvura isina kugadzikana.
Mwaka wekubereka unowanzotanga muna primavera uye dzinoenderera mberi kusvika kutanga kwezhizha, apo tembiricha yemvura inenge iri pamusoro pe18°C. Dzinofarira kubereka ipapo. mvura isina kudzika yakazara nemitiuko hadzi dzinoisa mazai adzo, ayo anobva anamatira kumiti nezvimwe zvinhu. Kapu yemhuka inowanzobereka mazai inokura muchibereko uye inosvika pakuyaruka kwepabonde panguva [yekushaya zera]. 4 makore Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairika, kunyangwe zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvichiratidza kuti Vanhurume vanowanzokura zvishoma kupfuura vakadzi.
Vakadzi vanogona kurara kusvika 300.000 huevos paavhareji pamwaka wega wega, kunyangwe mhando hombe dzave dzichizivikanwa nekukandira mazai anopfuura miriyoni. Zvichienderana nekupisa kwemvura, mazai acho anogona kuzvara zvishoma kusvika Mazuva 3-4 Kuchekwa kwehove kunoitika kana mvura yadziya (inenge 28-30°C) kana kutora nguva yakati rebei kana tembiricha iri pasi. Hove dzinoberekwa dzakareba 6 mm chete uye dzinodya yolk sac yadzo mumazuva mashoma, mushure mezvo dzinotanga kudya plankton nezvipembenene zvidiki zvisina mapfupa.
Pamusoro pekubereka kwayo kwechisikigo, hove dzemugungwa dzave dzichirimwa zvakanyanya mumadziva uye muminda yekurima kwemazana emakore. Ndiwo mumwe wemhando dzakakosha zvikuru. de peces kare yaipfuyiwa nevanhu Parizvino, marudzi akawanda emadzinza nemarudzi anozivikanwa, akasarudzwa nekuda kwehunhu hwakadai sekukura nekukurumidza, kurongeka kwemazera, kana ruvara.
Kunyangwe mhuka dzemusango dzinozivikanwa dzisingaratidzike sedzisina mavara akajeka zvakanyanya, muChina uye, kunyanya, muJapan, kubereka mhuka dzakavharirwa kwakatungamira mukukura kwemhando itsva yemhuka. mavara akajeka uye anopenya, diki muhukuru uye yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa zvishongo, inozivikanwa se koi.
Kois hove
El koi Imhando yemhando yekarpi inoshongedzwa pamba, yakagadzirwa kubva mumarudzi akasiyana e cyprinus carpio Yakasarudzwa kubva kuzvizvarwa nezvizvarwa. Kusiyana nedzimwe mhando dzakabatana dzakabudirira kubva mumabasa ekuvhima nekubata hove, koi yave iri inozivikanwa semhuka inovaraidza, gamba guru remadziva nemagadheni emvura pasi rose.
Sekuda kuziva, koi MuchiJapan, zvinoreva "carp," asi zvakare ishoko rinomiririra "rudo" kana "rudo." Kuberekesa carp yekushongedza kwakanyorwa kwemazana emakore kuEast Asia, asi kwakasvika pakuzivikanwa kukuru muJapan apo varimi vemupunga vakatanga kusarudza carp ine mavara akajeka uye vakatsanangura mapatani ekushongedza madziva avo. Nekufamba kwenguva, mhando dzine musanganiswa wechena, orenji, tsvuku, dema, yero, kana bhuruu dzakatangwa, zvichikonzera mapatani anopfuura zana anozivikanwa.
Vakakurumbira Madziva ekoi ekuJapan Vakava zviratidzo zverunako, kugarisana, uye rombo rakanaka. Kubva ipapo, koi yakapararira kune dzimwe nyika dziri kunze kweAsia, uye mufananidzo we nyanzvi carp muberekesinyanzvi mumitsara chaiyo uye mienzaniso inokosha. Vamwe vanoratidza kuti koi carp inogona kusvika mitengo yakakwira zvikuru, kuratidzwa kwebasa rekusarudza majini, kusawanikwa kwemavara emhando uye mukurumbira wemuridzi wemhuka.
Kunyangwe zvazvo koi dzine hunhu hwakawanda nekarp yakajairika (kusimba, kuchinjika, kudya kwemarudzi ese, maitiro ekugara nevamwe), dzinowanzo ratidza hunhu hwakasiyana. muviri wakareba zvishoma, one musoro mudiki uye kusiyana kukuru kwemavara nemarudzi ezvikero. Dzinoramba dzakaoma uye dzichitsungirira mamiriro akasiyana-siyana emvura, izvo zvinotsanangura kubudirira kwadzo mumadziva ekunze.
Nzira yekutarisira yedu Kois kana Carp?
Sezvambotaurwa, maKoi ave hove dzemumba par kugona mumadziva emubindu nemaaquarium makuru. Zvinokurudzirwa zvikuru kune avo vanotanga basa iri uye vanoda kuyedza mhando inoda kutarisirwa kuri nyoreasi panguva imwe chete izvozvo chitarisiko neruvara zvinoyevedza uye zvinopa kugara pamwe chete kwenguva refu.
Hove yekoi ine chido che iyo yepakati kana yepazasi zvikamu yemugungwa kana dziva, zvichikwira pamusoro kuti zvidye kana kufema kana okisijeni isipo. Zvinogona kugara mapoka madiki kusvika pa 6-7 vanhu Hapana dambudziko, chero bedzi huwandu hwemvura hwakakwana. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti ihove dze saizi yakakura uye hupenyu hurefuSaka, chirongwa ichi chinofanira kurongwa nemazvo kubva pakutanga.
Kana uchigara nedzimwe mhando dzemhuka, carp nekoi zvinowanzoratidza hunhu hwakapfavakunyangwe dzimwe nguva vangaratidza zvimwe hashakunyanya nemarudzi madiki kana mu aquariums kadiki uye kane vanhu vakawandaMuzviitiko izvi, zviri nyore kuona kuti hove idzi dzinoshungurudza sei dzimwe mhuka, dzinokwikwidzana nezvekudya, uye dzingatoruma hove dzine ganda rakapfava.
Saka, hazvikurudzirwi kuvachengeta mudzimba dzavo matangi madiki ehovesedzinowanzo tenderera, kana kuti dziri muma aquariums emunharaunda akazara nevanhu. Izvi hazvingoderedzi matambudziko ekurwisa chete, asiwo zvinokurudzira kukura kune utano uye inoderedza kushushikana. Nzvimbo yakakosha kune hove idzi, saka nzvimbo dzemugungwa dzinokurudzirwa. zvakaenzana kana kupfuura 90 litita emvura yemhuka diki, uye huwandu hwakakura (madziva ane marita akawanda) yemapoka evanhu vakuru.
La tembiricha yemvura Izvi hazviwanzo kukonzera dambudziko guru, sezvo, sezvatatotaura, mhuka idzi dzinokwanisa kurarama nemamiriro ekunze zvakanaka. Zvisinei, kana dzikasarudzirwa, idzi kapfeki diki Vanotsungirira kutonhora kuri pakati nepakati zviri nani. kupisa kwakanyanya. Kupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kushomeka kweokisijeni mumvura uye kushushikana kwekupisa, izvo zvinogona kuuraya.
Mumadziva ekunze, kwave nezviitiko apo carp nekoi zvakatopona. chando nemvura yakaomeswa nechando zvishomaKana dziva racho rakadzika zvakakwana kuti rigadzire mvura yakawanda uko mhuka dzinogona kuhwanda. Zvisinei, kupisa kwakanyanya kwechirimo kunogona kuva nengozi, saka zvinokurudzirwa kupa nzvimbo dzine shaded uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvakanaka oxygenation kuburikidza nemapopoma, maaerator kana mafirita anovhundutsa pamusoro.
Kana ari kudyaSezvambotaurwa, dzinodya nyama dzese (kunyange zvazvo dzichida kudya nyama zvishoma), saka kudya kwadzo kwakakosha hakuna kuoma. Zvokudya zveFlake kana pellet zvakanangana necarp nekoi Zvatinowana mune chero nzvimbo inonyanya kushandisa mhuka, zvakakwana kuti zvigutse zvinodiwa zvavo zvezuva nezuva.
Kana tichida kuti vanakirwe nekudya kwakapfuma uye kwakasiyana-siyana, tinogona kuvapa chikafu chipenyu kana chakaomeswa nechando zvakaita semakonye madiki, honye dzeropa, daphnia, kana shiri diki dzinoshandiswa mukubata hove. Pamusoro pezvo, zvimwe zvekudya zvinovaka muviri zvinogamuchirwa nguva dzose: mashizha e sipinachi yakachekwa, nyemba dzisina ganda, zvidimbu zvitete zvezucchini kana cucumber, kana kutodya dzimwe nguva zvakasikwa miriwo kubva mudziva, kwatichavaona vachidya zvirimwa zvidiki zvakapfava.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti munguva yechando, koi necarp zvinopinda mukuita kwe kuneta Kana tembiricha yemvura yadzikira pasi pemamwe mazinga, basa ravo rinodzikira zvakanyanya, metabolism yavo inodzikira, uye nekudaro, kuda kudya kunoderera zvakanyanyaKana tikaona kuti havadyi chikafu kana kuti vanongodya zvishoma chete kana vachipiwa, hazvikurudzirwi kuti tisimbise. mvura inotonhora inochaja zvakanyanya Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kuora kwechikafu, kuwedzera kweammonia ne nitrites, uye matambudziko makuru ehutano mudziva.
Imwe nyaya inokosha zvikuru ndeye kusefa mvuraPanyaya yekap nekoi, izvi zvakanyanya kukosha kupfuura mune mamwe marudzi, sezvo zviri de peces hombe iyoyo Zvinoburitsa marara akawanda. uye kumutsa pasi paunenge uchitsvaga chikafu. Kusefa uku kunofanirwa kuitwa muchimiro che " kunze, ine mafirita ane simba anobatanidza kusefa kwemuchina (kuchengetedza zvidimbu zvakamiswa), kusefa kwezvipenyu (mabhakitiriya anosimbisa nitring anoshandura ammonia kuita nitrate dzisina chepfu) uye, kana zvichibvira, kusefa kwemakemikari (activated carbon, maresini chaiwo).
Kana hove dzedu dziri mu aquarium diki isina firita, tinofanira kuzviita kazhinji kuchinja kwemvuraRudzi urwu runogadzira marara akawanda anokurumidza kuderedza huwandu hweokisijeni yakanyungudutswa uye anogona kuunganidza zvinhu zvine chepfu. Tinokurudzira kushandisa firita yekunze. seizvi, nguva dzose saizi iri pamusoro pehuwandu chaihwo hwemvura kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mvura yacho yakanaka.
Mumadziva, pamusoro pesefa, zvinokurudzirwa kutarisa kuomarara kwemvura uye pHMazhinji emakape nekoi anokura zvakanaka mumvura ine kuoma kwepakati kusvika pakakwirira ine pH ine alkaline zvishoma, pakati 6,5 uye 9Kuchengetedza parameters dzakagadzikana, pamwe chete ne oxygenation yakanaka uye kusavapo kwe ammonia kana nitrite spikes, zvichava hwaro hwekuti carp iratidzike ine hutano, inoshanda, uye ine mavara akajeka.
Mhando uye mhando dzeCarp hove
Musika unotipa mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzema carp uye mitsetse ye aquarium yedu kana dziva. Kunyangwe iri yerudzi rumwe chete (cyprinus carpio kazhinji), kune zvakawanda mhando nemarudzi yematende umo mavara, saizi yemuviri uye kurongeka kwechikero Vanogona kunge vakasiyana zvikuru.
Kubva pakuona kwekurongeka kwechiyero mu carp yakajairika, akati wandei anowanzo kusiyaniswa mafomu makuru:
- Kapu yakajairika kana yakazara: muviri wakafukidzwa zvizere nemakwande makuru, akajairwa. Ndiyo chimiro chiri pedyo nemusango, ine muviri murefu uye une simba rakawanda. Mukati mayo, zvinotevera zvinowanzosiyaniswa: karpi yemusango (ine fibrous yakawanda, inokura zvishoma nezvishoma, uye ine cylindrical mumuviri, isingawanzo pfuura 20 kg) uye karpi yemumba yakajairika (muviri wakakura, kukura muhupamhi nekukwirira, dumbu negumbo zvakakora, zvichigona kudarika 30 kg kana zvikakura zvakanyanya).
- Kapu yegiraziIne maganda makuru ane makwande asina kurongeka akapararira mumuviri wayo, zvichisiya nzvimbo dzine ganda rakashama "dzisina chinhu". Makwande aya makuru, asina kusimba anobva pakusarudzwa kwevanhu.
- Tende rakatsetseka (girazi rakatsetseka kana rakatsetseka): Mhando dzakasiyana dzegirazi carp umo makwande akarongwa mumitsetse imwe kana miviri inoenderera mberi pamativi, ichitevera mutsetse weparutivi. Mamwe muviri wese ungave usina makwande.
- Kapeti yeganda: chaizvoizvo isina zviyeroine ganda rakatsetseka uye dema. Dzimwe nguva inochengeta makwande mashoma ari pedyo nepasi pechipete chemusana kana muswe.
- Full scaled: izwi rinowanzoshandiswa munyaya dzekubata hove dzemugungwa kureva mienzaniso ine kurongeka kwehukuru kunokwezva zvikuru, kazhinji musanganiswa wegirazi carp uye chikero chakazara, ine mapatani akajeka uye anoyevedza.
Kana zvakadaro Ornamental marudzi Kunze kwekoi, iyo yatinowanzoona muma aquariums emvura inotonhora, mhando dzakasiyana dzehove dzegoridhe dzinoonekwa (zhinji dzacho dzakatorwa kubva ku Carassius auratus, hove tsvuku yekare kana kuti hove yegoridhe), iyo inowanzo unganidzwa pamwe chete se "carp" nekuda kwechitarisiko chayo:
- Kometi yekuAmerica: ndiyo mhando yakapararira zvikuru nekuti ndiyo iyo kutarisirwa kushoma kunodiwaMapapiro avo haana kureba, uye miviri yavo yakatetepa uye yakapfava. Ihove dzinoshanda zvikuru uye dzakasimba.
- Muswe weRyukin kana kuti VeilIne mapete marefu uye muviri wakakoraine hump yakareruka kumashure kwayo. Kufamba kwayo kunononoka uye kunoyevedza.
- Oranda y Musoro weShumba: yakafanana zvikuru neryukin muchimiro chakajairika, asi ine zvimwe papillae yechipfuva zvakasiyana zvikuru, rudzi rwe "hood" ine nyama pamusoro pemusoro inoita kuti vataridzike zvakajeka.
Mhando nhatu idzi (comet, ryukin/veiltail, uye oranda/lionhead) ndidzo dzinonyanya kuwanikwa muma aquariums emvura inotonhora, asi kune dzimwe mhando dzakawanda dzakanaka, dzakadai setelescope, ranchu, uye sky pearl. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti, kunyangwe dzichizivikanwa se "carp," dzakawanda dzemhando idzi ndedzerudzi rwe *Polyspora*. Carassius uye kwete kune mumwe we Kupro, kunyangwe zvavo Kutarisirwa kwakajairika kwakafanana kune avo vekoi carp maererano netembiricha, nzvimbo uye mhando yemvura.
Munyaya dzemitambo yekubata hove ne carp, mhando dzakasiyana dze carp dzinokurukurwawo zvichienderana nekwadzakabva uye chimiro chadzo: mhando dzemhando yekarubhu, royal carp (refu uye yakasimba), mirror carp, dehwe carp, linear carp uye mhando dzakakura dzekarubhu, kuwedzera kune iyo koi carp dzimwe nguva dzinoonekwa mumadziva emvura kana munzizi mushure mekuburitswa kwemvura zvisina hanya. Rimwe nerimwe rine hunhu hwaro hwekunaka, asi maererano ne biology uye maitiro Vane hunhu hwakasiyana-siyana.
Kusiyana kukuru kwemaumbirwo, mavara, uye mapatani emakero atinowana nhasi imhedzisiro yemazana emakore e kuchengetwa kwemba uye kusarudzwa kwekugadzira nevanhu. Kubva kumhuka dzesango dzinogara munzizi nemadziva eEurope neAsia kusvika kumhando dzekoi dzemhando yepamusoro nemarudzi ehove dzinoshongedza hove, dzose dzine hwaro hwehove dzinochinjika zvakanyanya, dzinorarama kwenguva refu uye dzisingatsungiririki, idzo dzakakwanisa kutora nzvimbo yakakosha muzvisikwa zvechisikigo uye mutsika, gastronomy, hove dzemitambo uye hove dzemugungwa.
Ziva zvakadzama the maitiro, marudzi uye kutarisirwa Kunzwisisa hove dzekarpesi kunotibvumira kunakidzwa nehove iyi zvine mutoro, tichideredza kukanganisa kwayo nharaunda, tichiipa mamiriro akanakisa mumadziva nemuma aquarium, uye panguva imwe chete tichikoshesa nhoroondo inoshamisa yekuchengetwa kwehove uye kusiyana-siyana kuri shure kweimwe yehove dzinokosha uye dzinozivikanwa pasi rose.