El Salmon yeChinook yava imwe yemienzaniso inoshamisa yemhando yemhuka dzinopinda mugungwa. Inokwanisa kushandura nzizi dzose munguva pfupi, hove iyi, inozivikanwa sa "Mambo" nekuda kwehukuru hwayo hukuru, yakabva pakugara munzizi dzeNorth Pacific kusvika pakubudirira kudzika midzi iri kure kumaodzanyemba kwenyika.
Kusvika kwayo nekuwedzera kwayo muPatagonia, kunyanya mu nzizi dzinoyerera dzichienda kuAtlantic nePacificIzvi zviri kukonzera gakava guru resainzi nehutungamiriri: kune rumwe rutivi, zvinoisa njodzi kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana enzvimbo; kune rumwe rutivi, zvinovhura mikana yekubata hove mumitambo uye, pamwe, yemabasa matsva ehupfumi.
Hofori yePacific yakakunda Patagonia
Chinook ndiye Hove yesalmon yakakura kwazvo pasi rose, inokwanisa kureba kupfuura mita imwe nehafu uye inorema kusvika makirogiramu makumi matanhatuKuva werudzi urwu Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, yakabva mu Nzizi dzeNorth Pacific, dzakadai semakomo erwizi rweColumbia nerweWillamette muUnited States, uko kwakawanikwa sampuli dzekutanga kuti dziunzwe kumaodzanyemba kwenyika.
MuSouth America, Kukura kukuru kwakatanga muChile muma1970 nema1980.Salmon yeChinook payakaunzwa kuti ishandiswe mukurima hove, hove dzakatanga kutiza kubva munzvimbo idzodzo dzaitarisirwa uye dzisiri dzenguva dzose dzakanyorwa zvakanaka, dzichichinja-chinja uye kubereka musango—maitiro ayo nekufamba kwemakore akatungamira ku... vanhu vakazvarwa vari munzizi dzakawanda.
Kubva kuChile, Chinook yakashandisa zvese mafungu egungwa sekubatana kwerwizi kuburikidza nemafjords uye nzvimbo dzemakomo kusvika kune dzimwe nzira itsva. Nenzira iyi, zvishoma nezvishoma yakatora nzizi dzinotonhora muPatagonia, kutanga pamawere ePacific uye gare gare mumadhamu anoyerera achipinda muAtlantic.
Nhasi vaonekwa vanhu vakagadzikana kubva kuTierra del Fuego kuenda kumatunhu akaita seNeuquén neRío Negro, ine kuonekwa kwakajeka munzizi dzinofananidzira zviratidzo dzakadai se Santa Cruz, iyo Gallegos kana LimayKuwedzera uku hakuna kubva panzvimbo imwe chete, asi kubva pamavambo akasiyana-siyana uye nzira dzekupararira.
Kutenderera kwehupenyu kunobatanidza makungwa nenzizi
Chinook i mhando dzisina kusimbaInozvarirwa mumvura yakachena, inopedza nguva yakawanda yehupenyu hwayo mugungwa, uye inodzokera kurwizi kwayakazvarirwa kuti ibereke uye ife. Kutenderera uku kwehupenyu, uko kunogona kutora zviuru zvemakiromita, kunoita kuti zvinovaka muviri zvemugungwa zvisvike kunzvimbo dzinotangira nzizi, chimwe chinhu chine mabasa akabatana zvakanaka ezvakatipoteredza muzvisikwa zvayo zvemuno.
Mushure mekuzvarira murwizi, vana vadiki vanosara kwenguva yakati nzvimbo dzemurwizi dzinotonhorerakwavanodya nekukura. Zvadaro vanofamba vakananga kugungwa, kwavanopedza makore akati wandei vachisvika pakukura kunoshamisa. Pakupedzisira, vachitungamirirwa nepfungwa dzavo dzekutama, Vanoshambira vachikwira rwizi zvakare kuti vabereke., vachisiya zvasara zvemiviri yavo mushure mekubereka.
Kutenderera uku kunobatanidza nharaunda dzakaparadzaniswa nedaro rakakuraSaka, zvinoitika mugungwa zvinokanganisa nzizi, uye zvinopesanawo. Munzvimbo yaro yekuzvarwa, kubatana uku chikamu che network yakaoma yezvakatipoteredza; zvisinei, muPatagonia, nzira imwechete iyi iri kuchinja nharaunda dzisina kumbobvira dzararama nehove dzerudzi urwu.
Zvichienzaniswa nesalmon diki kana mhando dzemuno dzemunzvimbo iyi, saizi nebiomass yeChinook zvinoreva kuti mwaka wega wega wekubereka Kufamba kukuru kwezvinhu zvipenyu nezvinovaka muviri zvemugungwa zvinopinda munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzenzizi, chimwe chinhu chinogona kuchinja zvachose mashandiro ehurongwa hwemvura.
Kusvetuka-svetuka muAtlantic uye musanganiswa wemajini usingatarisirwi
Chinhu chikuru pakukura kwechinook ndechekuti kugona kuyambuka kubva kumabheseni ePacific kuenda kumabheseni eAtlantic muPatagoniaKusvetuka ikoko, uko kungave kwaiita sekusingagoneki makumi emakore apfuura, ikozvino kwakanyorwa zvakadzama nechikwata chemasayendisiti epasi rose kubva kuArgentina, Chile, neUnited States.
Imwe yenyaya dzinonyanya kudzidzwa ndeye Rwizi rweTurns, pedyo neEl Chaltén (dunhu reSanta Cruz)uko salmon yeChinook yakatanga kutaurwa muna 2006. Kubva ipapo, huwandu uhwu hwavepo uye hunopa muenzaniso wakajeka wekuti mhando dzesango dzinogona sei kuzvivakira munzvimbo itsva dzichishandisa nzira dzakaoma kunzwisisa.
Tsvagiridzo, yakaburitswa mumagazini Miganhu muMarine Science, zvakataurwa kugadzira patsva mavambo uye nzira yekupararira kwesalmon idziKuti vaite izvi, chikwata chakaunganidza sampuro muRwizi rweVueltas nedzimwe nzvimbo dziri muArgentina neChile, ndokudzienzanisa nezvinhu zvemajini zvinobva muNorth Pacific.
Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwe zvishandiso zvemajini zvine resolution yepamusoroVaongorori vakaongorora kufanana uye kusiyana kuripo pakati pemarudzi akasiyana-siyana evanhu. Zvakabuda zvakaratidza kuti ruzhinji rwevanhu vakatorwa muRwizi rweVueltas rwakabva zvakafanana. salmon yakasikwa munharaunda yeChile yeAysénkunyange hazvo chikamu chidiki chichiita sechinobva murwizi rweSanta Cruz pacharwo.
Iyi mosaic yekwakabva inoratidza kuti huwandu hwevanhu huripo parizvino hunobva mipiro yakawanda uye kupararira kuri kuramba kuripoKure nekuva vanhu vakaparadzana uye vasina majini, Chinook yeRío de las Vueltas inopa huwandu hwekusiyana kwemajini hwakaenzana kana kuti hwakatokwira kune avo vemadzinza ekutanga ekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweNorth America, chimwe chinhu chakashamisa masayendisiti.
Migwagwa yerwizi, zvipingamupinyi zvegungwa nevanhu
Chidzidzo ichi chinogumisa kuti Rwizi rweSanta Cruz runoshanda senzvimbo chaiyo yekuunganidzwa kwemajini. uye senzira yekutama yekuwedzera kwesalmon yeChinook ichipinda mune mamwe mabheseni. Río de las Vueltas, rwizi runoyerera murwizi rwepamusoro rweSanta Cruz, inobatsirwa nekuyerera uku kunogara kuchiitika. de peces uye majini.
Vaongorori vakatendeukira ku simulations uye nzira dzepamusoro dzehuwandu kusimbisa nyaya yekupararira uku. Zvichienderana nemamodheru avo, kubatana kwegungwa, kuvapo kwe nzvimbo dzekugara dzakadzika netsoka pedyo nePatagonia Uye kugona kwehove iyi kuongorora nzizi itsva kunotsanangura kuti Chinook yakakwanisa sei kuzvivakira munzvimbo dziri kure nenzvimbo dzayakatanga kutangira.
Muchirevo ichi, rwizi rumwe nerumwe runoshanda sechinhu chinogona kubatanidza mumutsara wekuwedzera: rumwe runova manyuko anoshanda evagari vatsvaKunyange zvazvo dzimwe dzichishanda senzvimbo dzinodzikira mvura kana kuti dzinovhara miganhu. Zvinhu zvakaita sekupisa kwemvura, mwero wekuyerera kwemvura, chimiro chemugero, uye kusvika kunzvimbo dzinoberekera mbeu zvinosarudza kubudirira kana kukundikana kwekupararira kwemarudzi emhuka.
Zvivakwa zvevanhu, kunyanya madhamu nemadhamu zvinokanganisa kufamba kwenzizi, pamwe nekushaikwa kwe hove inopfuuraDzinoitawo basa guru. Kazhinji, mapurojekiti aya anovhara mukana wekuwana nzvimbo dzakakodzera dzekuberekera salmon, zvichitadzisa kukura kwehove kana kupatsanura huwandu hwadzo.
Kunyangwe zvakadaro, nyanzvi dzakaita semuongorori Javier Ciancio, kubva kuConicet neCenter for the Study of Marine Systems (CESIMAR)Vanonyevera kuti, mune dzimwe nzvimbo, Kumisa kupinda kweChinook izvozvi kwaizova kwakaoma zvikuruMuArgentina Patagonia, anotaura kuti kune nzizi shoma dzinogona kupinda nerudzi urwu, asi mune idzo dzatove dzakadzika, kudzosera mamiriro acho ezvinhu hakusi nyore zvachose.
Mhedzisiro yezvakatipoteredza: makwikwi, pekugara uye zvinovaka muviri
Kuvapo kukuru kweChinook kwave migumisiro yakananga panharaunda uye mhuka dzemunoPanguva yekubereka, salmon inochera matendere ayo murwizi, ichikurunga ivhu uye ichichinja pasi payo. Chiitiko ichi chinogona nzvimbo dzekuberekera dzakasiyana de peces autochthonous uye mhuka dzine musana wemumvura dzinoumba hwaro hwecheni yechikafu.
Mushure mekubereka, chinook inofa uye miviri yayo inofa. Zvinoora mumvura kana pamahombekombe erwizikuburitsa huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinovaka muviri zvemugungwa. Mumasystem aive asina zvinovaka muviri pakutanga, izvi zvinogona kukonzera shanduko dzinooneka mukugadzirwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye dzakasiyana-siyana, zvichibatsira mamwe marudzi uye zvichikuvadza mamwe.
Panguva imwe chete, chinook Inokwikwidzana nehove dzemuno nedzimwe mhando dzakaunzwa kuti iwane chikafu nenzvimbo., senge brown trout kana hove yemurarabungu, iripo kwemakumi emakore munzizi dzePatagonian. Makwikwi aya anogona kutungamira kukutamiswa kwevanhu vemunharaunda kana shanduko muchimiro chenharaunda.
Hukuru hwekudonha kwemvura kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakaita sekuwanda kwesalmon, kunzwisiswa kwemarudzi emuno, uye hunhu hwezvakatipoteredza hwenzvimbo imwe neimwe iri pedyo nemvura. Nokudaro, vane masimba nevesainzi vanosimbisa kudiwa kwe kutarisa nguva dzose padanho redunhu kuona mafambiro ezvinhu uye kufanoona matambudziko.
Muzvidzidzo zvazvino, nyanzvi dzinosimbisa kuti Chinook yakazvisimbisa seimwe ye mhando shoma dzesalmon dzakakwanisa kuzviwanira nzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana. mumabhuku makuru akadaro, nemienzaniso yakanaka kwazvo muNew Zealand nekumaodzanyemba kweSouth America.
Kupinda kwechisimba kunosimudzirawo hupfumi hwenzvimbo
Kufambira mberi kweChinook kune hupfumi hwakaoma kufuratira. Munzizi dzakawanda dzePatagonia, hove dzemitambo dzesalmon hombe Yave nzvimbo inokwezva vashanyi vemunyika nevekunze kwenyika, vanofamba mwaka wega wega vachitsvaga mhuka dzinogona kudarika makirogiramu makumi mana.
Nzvimbo dzakadai senzizi Santa Cruz, Gallegos kana Limay Vakawana mukurumbira pakati pevanofarira kubata hove nenhunzi nedzimwe nzira dzekuredza, vachigadzira mari yekuwana vatungamiriri, pekugara, zvitoro uye masevhisi emunharaundaKuwanda kwevashanyi uku kunosimbisa pfungwa, mune mamwe matunhu, yekuti chinook inogona kuonekwa sechinhu chinoshandiswa kwete sedambudziko rezvakatipoteredza chete.
Vakuru vari kuongorora rwizi rweSanta Cruz pacharwo. kuvhurwa kwenzvimbo yekubata hove dzekutengeserana Salmon yeChinook iri kupfuyiwa, zvichinzi nyama yayo inokosheswa zvikuru mumisika. Panguva iyi, munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzerwizi, tsika ye [zvisingazivikanwe - pamwe "kubata hove" kana "kubata hove"] yatotanga. hove dzemitambo dzinodzorwa, izvo zvinowedzera rumwe rutivi rwekuoma kwezvisarudzo zvehutungamiriri.
Zvisinei, kushandiswa uku kwehupfumi hakusi kwese kwese. Munzvimbo dziri pasi pehutongi hwe National ParksChinonyanya kukosheswa kuchengetedza nharaunda dzezvipenyu pasina shanduko huru. Munzvimbo idzi, mazano ekuchengetedza kuderedza kana kutobvisa zvachose kuvapo kwesalmon yeChinookZvisinei, vaongorori pachavo vanobvuma kuti harisi basa riri nyore.
Saka, munzvimbo imwe chete, vanogara pamwe chete maonero akasiyana-siyana pamusoro pekuti tingabata sei mhuka dzinopinda mumasangoKubva kune avo vanoiona senzira yekushanya nekutsvaga mabasa, kusvika kune avo vanotsigira matanho akasimba ekuchengetedza mhuka nemiti yemuno.
Kutungamira, kutarisa uye sarudzo dzeramangwana
Mibairo yakaburitswa mu Miganhu muMarine Science kupa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekutungamira mitemo yekutarisiraPakati pemazano makuru pane kudiwa kwe kuongorora majini evanhu vechinook munzvimbo iyi, kuitira kuona nzira dzinopararira, nzvimbo dzinonyanya kupararira nechisimba uye nzvimbo itsva dzinogona kutorwa.
Maitiro aya ezvemajini anotibvumira kupfuura kungoverenga mienzaniso, tichipa ruzivo pamusoro pe kusiyana-siyana, kubatana pakati penzizi nebasa redziva rega rega semunhu anowana ruzivo kana kuti anogamuchira vanhu. Neruzivo urwu, vatungamiriri vanogona kusarudza pekuita uye nzira dzekushandisa mune imwe neimwe nyaya.
Masayendisiti anoratidzawo kukosha kwe funga nezvekubatana kwenzizi nenzvimbo dzegungwa mune chero chirongwa chekuderedza kana kuderedza kukanganiswa kwechinook. Kugadzirisa kana kutarisira madhishi nemazvo nezvimwe zvivakwa, semuenzaniso, kunogona kukanganisa kugona kwemhando iyi kuwana nzvimbo dzekuberekera.
Pakutsanangura gwara renzira, nzira mbiri huru dzekuita dzinotariswa: Kushandisa Chinook senzira yehupfumi (mitambo uye, mune dzimwe nguva, kubata hove dzekutengeserana) kana kuedza kuderedza kuvapo kwavo kuderedza migumisiro yayo pamarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwaSarudzo pakati peimwe kana imwe, kana kutsvaga nzvimbo yepakati, pakupedzisira inosara kuhurumende.
Vaongorori vakaita saJavier Ciancio vanosimbirira kuti sarudzo dzinofanira kubva pane humbowo hwakasimba hwesainzi uye kufunga nezvekukosha kwenzizi dzePatagonian kune zvakatipoteredza pamwe nezvinodiwa nevanhu vemunharaunda. Hazvisi zvekungoparadza kana kushandisa zviwanikwa chete, asi nezve kugadzira nzira dzinochinjika izvo zvinoenderana neboka rega rega uye kufambira mberi kwekupinda kwehondo.
Zvichakadaro, nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa dzakadai se Sangano reKusiyana-siyana neKushanduka-shanduka kweSouthern ChileCESIMAR, Yunivhesiti yeConcepción, Millennium Nucleus INVASAL, Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia Santa Cruz neSouthwest Fisheries Science Center yeUnited States zviri kuenderera mberi. kushanda pamwe chete kuti tinzwisise zviri nani chiitiko ichi uye tipe maturusi anobatsira kune vatungamiriri.
Nyaya yesalmon yeChinook muPatagonia inoratidza kuti Rudzi rwakaunzwa runogona kuchinja nzvimbo, hupfumi, uye mitemo yeruzhinji mumakumi mashoma emakore chete. Kugona kwayo kuchinja-chinja kukuru, kusiyana kwemajini kwayakaita, uye network yenzizi nemakungwa yayakashandisa kuwedzera zvinoita kuti kutonga kwayo kuve kwakaoma, asiwo zvinomirira mukana wekuvandudza kunzwisisa kwedu kupindira kwezvinhu zvipenyu uye manejimendi yezviwanikwa. Dambudziko remakore anotevera richava rekuwana chiyero chinotibvumira kuchengetedza zvipenyu zvePatagonian tisingaregeredzi kukanganisa kwemagariro evanhu nehupfumi kunobatanidzwa ne "Mambo" uyu anoshamisa wenzizi.
