Mumvura inotonhora iri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa rePacific yeCanada, Mawhale anouraya anogara munzvimbo iyi uye madolphin ane mativi machena ePacific Vakachinja zvaitendwa nezvehupenyu hwavo hwemagariro evanhu uye tsika dzavo dzekudyisa. Zvakaongororwa munguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza kuti mhando mbiri idzi dzeshiri dzerudzi rwecetacean, idzo dzinoonekwa sedzinovhima dzakasiyana uye kunyange vavengi vanogona kukwikwidzana, dzinogona kubatanidza kuvhima kwadzo. Salmon yeChinook, rimwe remadhamu anodikamwa zvikuru munharaunda iyi.
Zvidzidzo izvi, zvinotungamirwa nezvikwata zvinobva kumayunivhesiti ekuCanada zvichishanda pamwe chete nemasangano ekuEurope, zvinotsanangura mubatanidzwa une mikana Muchiitiko ichi, orcas dzinopa simba radzo nehunyanzvi mukubata mhuka hombe, ukuwo madolphin achiunza sisitimu yavo ye echolocation yakanyatsogadzirwa. Mugumisiro wacho chiitiko chinoyeuchidza nezve choreography iri pasi pemvura: mapoka akasanganiswa achifamba pamwe chete, achitevera mapoka esalmon uye achigovana zvavakabata.
Gungwa rinoita serakadzikama rine zvakawanda zviri kuitika pasi pevhu
Nzvimbo huru yenyaya iyi ndeiyi Johnstone Strait nemvura yakakomberedza Vancouver IslandMuBritish Columbia, pamusoro pegungwa panotanga kuonekwa pakadzikama, asi pasi pemvura iyoyo, pane dandemutande rakaoma rezvikara zvepamusoro. Mawhale ekuchamhembe anouraya anofamba nemavara awo matema asingakanganisike, nepo madolphin ane mativi machena achifamba-famba achitya ari mumapoka akabatana asingawanzorasikirwa nekubatana kwawo.
Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, kusangana uku kwaitorwa sezviitiko zvinongoitikawo: mapodhi emadhongini achivhima padivi pemaorcaspasina kupindira zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, masayendisiti akatanga kufungidzira kuti pane chimwe chinhu chaiitika pavakaona kuti pakanga pasina zviratidzo zvekudzivisa kana zviitiko zvekurwisa. Pane kuramba vari kure, mhando dzese mbiri dzairatidzika kunge dzakasununguka kugovana nzvimbo iyi dzichivhima.
Kuti vagadzirise kusava nechokwadi kupi zvako, timu yepasi rose yakarongwa ne Yunivhesiti yeDalhousie neYunivhesiti yeBritish ColumbiaNekubatanidzwa kweHakai Institute neGerman Leibniz Institute, akasarudza kunyora zvakadzama zvaiitika mumvura idzodzo. Chinangwa chake chaive chekupindura mubvunzo uri nyore asi wakakosha: izvi zviitiko zvetsaona here kana kuti inzira iyo Orcas nemadolphin vanobuda pamusoro?
Mhinduro yacho yakauya nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwetekinoroji iyo kusvika pari zvino yakanga isati yamboshandiswa pamwe chete mumhuka dzinonzi cetacean: madrone, makamera epasi pemvura, uye ma tag e3D bioregistration ine masensa ekufamba neacoustic, anozivikanwa seCATS (Customized Animal Tracking Solutions). Aya ma tag, akabatanidzwa semakapu ekusveta pamiviri yemamwe ma orcas, anopa maonero epedyo emaitiro avo epasi pemvura.
Mifananidzo isati yamboonekwa: iyi ndiyo nzira iyo kuvhima pamwe chete kwakavakwazve
Basa remumunda rakanangana ne Nyamavhuvhu 2020, apo vaongorori vakatevera hove pfumbamwe dzinouraya dzinogara kuchamhembe Pavaifamba-famba vachitarisa nzira dzekutama kwesalmon kuVancouver Island, vakanyorawo kuvapo nekufamba kwemapoka makuru esalmon. Madholfini ePacific ane mativi machena, mhando inowanikwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo iyoyo uye inozivikanwa nekuvhima kwayo pamwe chete mumapoka.
Madrone akashandiswa kuwana mifananidzo yemudenga ine resolution yepamusoro Mifananidzo iyi yakaratidza kuti madolphin nemaorcas zvaigovana sei nzvimbo pamusoro uye panguva yekutanga yekunyura. Pasi pemvura, makamera nemasensa ari pamatagi eCATS akabvumira vaongorori kuti vagadzirezve zvakange zvakavanzika kare: shanduko mugwara, kumhanya, kudzika kwekunyura, uye nzvimbo yese yeacoustic iyo mhuka idzi dzinofamba.
Ruzivo rwakaratidzwa Zvikamu makumi maviri nezvishanu umo orcas yakachinja nzira yavo Mushure mekusangana nemapoka emadolphin, vakavatevera pakunyura zviri pachena kuti zvaive zvakabatana nekutsvaga chikafu. Kusangana kwacho hakuna kuita sekwakaitika netsaona: kutenderera kwega kwega kwemaorcas kwaienderana nekufamba kwemadolphin, izvo zvakasimudzira kuburitsa manzwi eecholocation kuti vatevere salmon.
Zvichakadaro, timu yakanyoresa kubata salmon yeChinook kwakabudirira kasere ne orcas. Pazviitiko zvina izvozvo, madolphin aivepo munhevedzano yese, kubva pakutevera kusvika pakubata mhuka. Mune chimwe chiitiko chinoshamisa, vaongorori vakaona madolphin achishandisa zvidimbu zvesalmon yakakura yakanga yabvarurwa ne orcas, vachidya zvasara zvidiki zvakasara mumvura.
Maitiro aya akatsanangurwa se kugoverwa kunobudirira kwezvakapambwa pakati pemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, chimwe chinhu chakanga chisati chanyorwa kusvika pari zvino muhuwandu uhu kana musanganiswa uyu weshiri dzemugungwa. Sezvinotsanangurwa nenyanzvi yezvegungwa Sarah FortuneMunyori mukuru weongororo iyi anoti zvinhu zvakaunganidzwa zvinoratidza kuti orcas nemadolphin "zvinogona kunge zviri kushanda pamwe chete kuti zviwane uye zvigovane mhuka dzinodyiwa," mamiriro ezvinhu anochinja zvachose maonero echinyakare ezviitiko izvi.
Mubatanidzwa unoshanda: ndiani anowana chii mukushandira pamwe uku
Vatsvakurudzi vanotaura nezvehukama hwakanaka pakati pemarudzi akasiyana-siyana pane kutaura nezve "kushandira pamwe chete kune mukana" kana "kushandira pamwe chete kunoshanda"Nemamwe mashoko, hukama umo chimwe nechimwe chinobatsirwa pasina chikonzero chekutaura zvinangwa zvakaoma kana zvibvumirano zvekuziva. Kubva pamaonero aya, orcas yaizoshandisa madolphin semhando ye "explorer ine radar yakavakirwa mukati," nepo madolphin achizowana mabhenefiti ekutevera chimwe chezvikara zvikuru zvenzvimbo iyi.
Chinokosha pakugadzira zvinhu chiri mu manzwi emadhorufiniizvo zvinopesvedzera maitiro ehoveIdzi shiri diki dzemugungwa dzinoburitsa ruzha rwakatevedzana runosvetuka kubva pahove nezvimwe zvinhu, zvichidzosera maungira anodzibvumira kugadzira mufananidzo wezvakadzipoteredza. Mumvura yakadzika ine rima, uko chiedza chisingapindi, nzira iyi inoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura kuona zviri nyore pakuwana mapoka esalmon yeChinook.
Ruzivo rwemanzwi kubva kuCATS tag runoratidza kuti, kana paine madolphin, orcas Vanoderedza ruzha rwavo pachavoIzvi zvinogona kuvabatsira kunzwa zviri nani kurira kwemamwe mhuka. Sekureva kwevanyori, maitiro aya anotsigira fungidziro yekuti orcas "dzinonyarara" zvishoma kuti dzitevere nzira dzinosiyiwa nemadolphin mumvura, nokudaro zvichivandudza mikana yavo yekuwana mhuka dzakawanda nekushandisa simba shoma.
Ukuwo, the ma dolphin anowana mabhenefiti akawandaChekutanga, dzine dziviriro kubva kune dzimwe mhuka dzinogona kuvadya, kusanganisira mamwe marudzi ehove dzinouraya dzine kudya kwakasiyana-siyana kunogona kudziona semhuka dzinodya hove. Nekugara pedyo nehove dzinouraya dzinogara dziripo dzinonyanya kugadzira hove dzesalmon, dzinowana rudzi rwe "nhovo mhenyu" mumvura umo njodzi yacho isingambovi zero.
Chinhu chechipiri chikuru chakanakira kuwana zvidimbu zvesalmon yeChinook izvo zvaizovaomera kuwana. Masalmon aya akura akakura zvekuti dolphin haikwanise kubata nekumedza yese, asi kana maorcas akadzibvarura, anoburitsa zvasara zvakakura mumvura. Kutsvaga pakati pezvimedu izvi kunova mukana wekudya unoita kuti kutevera maorcas kuve kwakakosha.
Kuwanikwa uku kunobatsirei musainzi yemhuka dzerudzi rwecetacean?
Kusvika pari zvino, mufananidzo wainyanya kuratidzwa waive wekuti Orcas vaivhima vari vega kana mumapoka emhuri.Ma<em>orcas</em> aya akagovana mhuka dzawo pakati pemhuka dzawo, nepo ma<em>dolphin</em> ane mativi machena akaronga kuvhima kwawo padivi. Uyezve, kurwiswa kwe<em>orcas</em> pamhando dzakasiyana dzema<em>dolphin</em> kwakanyorwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi, zvichitsigira pfungwa yehukama hwakanyanya pakati pemapoka maviri aya.
Mhedzisiro mitsva, yakaburitswa mujenari Scientific Reports, zvinoenderana nebasa rinoratidza kuti kusangana kusina hutsinye pakati pemacetaceans emarudzi akasiyana Zvinogona kuitika kakawanda kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa kare. Kuferefeta kwakafanana munzvimbo imwe chete, kwakaparadzirwa mu Ecology uye EvolutionVakatsanangurawo hukama huripo pakati pehove dzinouraya dzinogara munzvimbo iyi nedzimwe mhuka diki dzemugungwa dzakadai sehove dzeDall, vachisimbisa pfungwa yekuti nharaunda yegungwa yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwePacific inzvimbo yakaoma yekudyidzana nevanhu kupfuura zvaiita sezviri pachena.
Nyanzvi dzekuEurope dzakadai se Paolo DomeniciVaongorori vanobva kuInstitute of Biophysics muPisa vanoti rudzi urwu rwekutsvaga runowedzera "chinhu chakakosha padambarefu risati ramboongororwa" pamusoro pekuti zvikara zvikuru zvemugungwa zvinodyidzana sei. Kubva pamaonero avo, chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza kuti kudyidzana kwekushandira pamwe nekusava nechisimba kungave kwakagara kusina kuonekwa kwemakore nekuda kwekuoma kwehunyanzvi hwekunyora zvinoitika pasi pemvura.
Uyewo vanobva kunze kweCanada, nyanzvi dzakadai senyanzvi yezvemhuka dzegungwa yeArgentina Marcela JunÃn Vanoti orcas nemadolphin imhuka "dzakangwara zvikuru uye dzinoda mikana", dzinokwanisa kugadzirisa kudya kwadzo nemaitiro adzo kuti zvienderane nemamiriro ekunze. Izvi hazvirevi, vanojekesa, kuti pane chibvumirano chepamutemo pakati pemarudzi, asi chinoenderana ne flexible strategy umo mikana inopihwa nekuvapo kwemumwe inoshandisirwa mukana.
Vanyori pachavo vanongwarira uye vanosimbisa kuti muenzaniso wemaitiro akanyorwa unoramba uri mushoma. Mimwe mishandirapamwe, inoitwa mumwaka yakasiyana uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo muPacific uye kunyange muAtlantic, ichadiwa kuti ione kana izvi zviri kuitika kushandira pamwe chete pamusoro pesalmon Inowanikwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo kana kuti ine chekuita nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo muBritish Columbia, akadai sekuwanda kweChinook salmon uye chimiro chaicho chemarudzi eorca nemadolphin emunharaunda.
Kunze kwechikamu chesainzi, rudzi urwu rwekudzidza runobatsira pakunzwisisa zviri nani kuti Hukama hwemhuka dzinodya dzimwe mhuka hunogona kukanganisa kubata hove uye mukutarisira mhuka dzakakosha dzehupfumi hwemahombekombe, zvakare muEurope. Kunyangwe nyaya iyi yakanyorwa muCanada, nzira yekubatanidza madrone, biorecording tags uye acoustic analysis iri kutanga kushandiswa mumakungwa akadai seCantabrian Sea, Northeast Atlantic kana Mediterranean, uko orcas nemadolphin vanogovanawo pekugara nezviwanikwa.
Zvinoratidzwa nezviitiko izvi kubva kumahombekombe eBritish Columbia ndezvekuti Gungwa rinoramba riine mubatanidzwa wakaoma kufungidzira. Pakati pemhando dzeshiri dzinofanira kukwikwidzana kuti dziwane chikafu, orcas nemadolphin zvinoita sekuti dzakawana nzira yekushandisa simba radzo pamwe chete mumutambo wemumvuri unofamba pasi pevhu: imwe inopa "radar," imwe simba remhuka. Uye pamwe chete, dzinoshandura kumhanya kwesalmon yega yega kuita danho rakakwana rekuvhima pamwe chete kunopesana nemazita ekare eshamwari, muvengi, kana muvakidzani.
