Aquaculture iri kusangana nekuchinja kweparadigm nekusvika kweiyo matanga matsva akavharwa ekurima kwemvuramasisitimu anotsvaka kuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuvandudza kugara zvakanaka kwehove. Nenzira inowedzera, zvirongwa zvokuedza uye zvigadzikiso zvokutengeserana zviri kuratidza kuti zvinobvira kubudisa hove dzakawanda uye dziri nani, nedzinopukunyuka shoma, hosha shoma, uye kudzorwa kwakawanda kunodzora kwezvakatipoteredza.
Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, mazita akafanana Starfish, BlueSafe, Aquatraz C2, Heimdall kana iyo inochinjika yakavharwa keji membranes.Aya masisitimu, ari kuedzwa zvakanyanya muNorway asi zvakare ari kuitwa kune dzimwe nyika, ari kuwedzera kune echinyakare matanga uye hapas, ayo anoramba achiita basa rakakosha mumapurazi mazhinji, uye akavharwa emidziyo masisitimu kubva kumakambani akaita seCermaq. Zvese izvi zvinopenda mufananidzo wekuti aquaculture iri kufamba ichienda kune yakagadzikana, tekinoroji yepamusoro, uye inofambiswa nekuita.
Chii chakavharwa aquaculture matanga uye nei ari kuwana pasi?
Yakavharwa matanga (closed cages) inzira idzo dzinosimudzwa hove mugungwa kana mumadziva, asi dzakaparadzaniswa nekunze mesh chimiro, membrane kana bhegi risina mvura iyo inodzora kuti imvura ipi inopinda nekubuda. Kusiyana neakajairwa matanga akazaruka, pano mvura inogona kusefa, kuyerera kudzorwa, mazinga eokisijeni anogadziriswa zviri nani, uye, zvakakosha, kusangana nemaparasite senge inda dzegungwa kunogona kuderedzwa zvakanyanya.
Panzvimbo pehoop iri nyore uye mambure akarembera, mhinduro idzi dzinosanganisira tekinoroji membranes, mukati hydraulic masisitimu, sensors, yakadzika mvura inotora Uye, muzviitiko zvakawanda, matekinoroji chaiwo anoshandiswa kuunganidza uye kugadzirisa sludge uye tsvina inounganidza pazasi pechimiro. Mhedzisiro yacho inzvimbo yekurima inodzorwa zvakanyanya inofanana ne "tangi pagungwa" kupfuura keji yechinyakare.
Iyi mhando yemidziyo yakavharwa inonyanyobatanidzwa nekurima kwe salmon yeAtlanticnekuti imhando yepamusoro-yakakosha uye inotarisisa zvakanyanya kumatambudziko senge inda dzegungwa, asi tekinoroji iri kugadzirisa mamwe marudzi emugungwa nemvura yakachena mukukura-kunze uye post-smolt phases. Zvimwe zviitiko zvakatoedzwa kwemakore akati wandei, nemhedzisiro inowirirana kufa kwehove, kukura uye hutano.
Pamusoro pechikamu chekugadzira, mazhinji emapurojekiti aya anozvarwa semhinduro kune zvinowedzera kuomarara zvinodiwaMuenzaniso wakajeka ipurovhinzi yeCanada yeBritish Columbia, uko chisungo chekushandisa makeji akavharwa esalmon yakatsanangurwa pane mamwe mazuva, ayo anokurumidza kutorwa kwehunyanzvi uhu pasi rese.
Starfish uye inoyangarara deki shanduko muListafjord
Pamhenderekedzo yeListafjord, muAgder County (Norway), mhinduro yakagadzirirwa kurwisa imwe ye kurima salmon kunonyanya kurwadza musoro: kusanganiswa kwekuneta de peces uye kuwanda kwezvipembenene. Ikeji nyowani yakavharwa inoyangarara yesalmon, yakagadzirwa seyakasimba uye ine otomatiki system.
Keji iyi, yakatumidzwa zita remadunhurirwa "Starfish"Prototype, ingangoita 20 metres muhupamhi, yanga ichishanda pasi pemamiriro epasirese kubva munaKurume 2021 kubva pamhenderekedzo yeFlekkefjord. Chirongwa ichi chiri kugadzirwa nemutengesi wemidziyo yemugungwa Nekkar, iyo iri kushanda pamwe chete nenyanzvi dzeindasitiri, kusanganisira kambani inozivikanwa kwazvo yezvekurima kwemvura Lerøy. Chinangwa chakajeka: kuchengetedza hove munzvimbo, kuderedza kupukunyuka, uye kudzora utachiona hwemvura.
Chinhu chakakosha cheiyo Starfish pfungwa ndeye chivharo chinoyangarara chinoita sebhegi repasi pemvura uye, panguva imwe chete, sevharo yepamusoro yekeji. Iri "bhegi" rinofanirwa kumira zvakanyanya kushushikana kwemagetsi uye kudzivirira kudonha. de peces uye, zvakare, kutevedzera zvakanyanya kuomarara zvinodiwa zvezvakatipoteredza, zvose mukusimba uye kushandiswazve uye kushanda munzvimbo yegungwa.
Kugadzirisa nyaya iyi yakaoma, kambani yekuNorway Protan yakagadzira nhevedzano ye inogona kushandiswazve inoyangarara PVC membranes pasi peBlueSafe brand. Neanopfuura makore makumi masere eruzivo rwemamembrane uye tekinoroji machira ekuda maapplication akadai seindasitiri yeoiri negasi kana kuchengetwa kwemvura munzvimbo dzerenje, Protan yakagadzirisa nekuvandudza tekinoroji yayo kuti isangane nematambudziko chaiwo ezvekurima mumvura.
Mune iyo chaiyo nyaya yeStarfish, Protan yakagadzira a Hunhu hutsva hwe membrane mukati meBlueSafe renjiNezvivakwa zvakasarudzika: chinhu chakaenzanirana, chakagadzikana zvakanyanya, uye nekusimba kunoratidzwa kuburikidza neyakaomesesa cyclic kuyedzwa kuSINTEF yekutsvagisa uye tekinoroji Institute muNorway. Zvese izvi kuitira kuti dhizaini rikwanise kumira makore ekushanda munzvimbo dzakaoma dzegungwa.
Protan BlueSafe: kusimudzira, kusangana uye nzira yezvakatipoteredza
Basa reProtan ne membrane BlueSafe ye aquaculture Hazvina kubuda kubva kupi. Kubva pakutanga kwe2000s, kambani yakagadzira membrane uye masisitimu ekutakura uye kuchengetedza mvura yakachena, kunyangwe munzvimbo dzakanyanyisa seArabia Peninsula. Iyo imwechete tekinoroji hwaro hwakazoshandiswa kune dzakanangana mhinduro dzeoiri negasi indasitiri uye mamwe masekete ane anodiwa zvakanyanya.
Nechiitiko ichocho, Protan yakasarudza nzira yakatarisana nevatengi: gadzira chivharo mukubatana zvakananga nevafambisi ve aquacultureChigadzirwa chacho chinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvepurojekiti imwe neimwe uye nzvimbo inokura. Pfungwa iyi ndeyekukwirisa ruzivo rwemugadziri rwakasanganiswa nehunyanzvi hwekambani hunyanzvi kuti uwane kuita kwakaringana muzviitiko zvese.
Kugadzirwa uye kusangana kwezvivharo izvi kunoitwa mu Protan chirimwa muNesbyen (Norway)Chikamu chebasa chinoitwa mufekitari uye chimwe chikamu zvakananga pamatanga, apo nyanzvi dzekudzivirira mvura, dzakapfeka mabhachi ehupenyu, dzinopinza seams dzichishandisa mhepo inopisa uye magetsi. Iyi yekuisa nzira ndeye kubudisa-pasinaiyo inowedzera imwe bhenefiti kubva kune zvakatipoteredza maonero.
Panguva yekubatanidza, zvinotevera zvakaiswa zvakare: mabhatani uye zvishwe Aya maficha anofambisa kubatanidzwa uye kubatanidzwa kwe membrane mune inoyangarara chimiro. Chinangwa ndechekuti gungano risave risina mvura uye rakasimba chete, asi zvakare rinoshanda kubata, kuchengetedza, uye kugadzirisa kune shanduko mukushanda kana mirau yazvino.
Kupfuura makeji akavharwa uye anti-parasite masiketi, BlueSafe membranes inowana maapplication mukati artificial kelp masangoZvishandiso izvi zvinoshandiswa kugadzira matireyi etsika uye kupfekedza matangi ekare uye matsva akagadzirirwa hove dzechidiki pamwe nemhando dzakachena. Uku kuita kwakasiyana-siyana kunoratidza kuti mhuri imwechete yezvinhu inogona kutsigira mhinduro dzakasiyana dzakasimba dzemumvura.
Flexible yakavharwa cage: Serge Ferrari's proposal
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha mukushanduka kwemakeji akavharwa ndiyo tekinoroji ye Flexible cage yakagadzirwa naSerge FerrariMuchiitiko ichi, hove dzinosimudzwa mumhando ye "bhokisi" mugungwa, yakaparadzaniswa kubva kune kunze kwezvakatipoteredza nemusanganiswa wemambure ekugadzirisa uye membrane inoshanduka yakanyatsogadzirirwa kugadzirwa kwemvura.
Iyo prototype yemhinduro iyi yaive mukati kuyedza kweanenge makore matatu muNorwayIzvi zvakavabvumira kusimbisa kushanda kwayo munzvimbo chaiyo-yepasirese, ine masaisai, shanduko yetembiricha, uye kushanda nesimba kwakafanana nekugadzirwa kwesalmon. Kutanga muna 2017, kambani yakatanga kuendesa tekinoroji kune dzimwe nyika kune dzimwe mhando muchikamu chekukura, zvichiratidza kuti haisi mhinduro yega yesalmon.
Mhedzisiro yakaonekwa mumakeji aya anochinjika akavharika anosanganisira kuderedzwa kwakajeka kwekufaKusavapo kwezvipembenene zvakaita seinda dzemugungwa kunowanikwa kuburikidza nemvura inodzorwa inouya, yakadzikama mwero weokisijeni, uye kuwedzera kwemakwikwi ekukura. Zvese izvi zvinoitwa pasina kudikanwa kwekugara uchirapa antiparasite, zvichikanganisa mutengo uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga.
Nezve manejimendi emarara, Serge Ferrari's system inosanganisira nzira inonakidza: Mvura inosefa uye dope rinobva pasi rinounganidzwa.Iwo akaomeswa uye anoshandiswa se organic fertilizer. Nenzira iyi, chikamu chakakosha chekudya kwaimborasika kunharaunda yegungwa kunodzoserwa uye kubatanidzwazve mucheni yekugadzira yepasi.
Kuchengeta membrane pakati pemagadzirirwo ekugadzira kunoratidzika kunge ibasa riri nyore, rine a inofungidzirwa hupenyu hunobatsira hweanenge makore gumi yekeji yese chimiro. Uyezve, kuchinjika kwayo kunobvumira iyo membrane kutora simba remafungu, kudzivirira kuputsika kunowanzoitika mune yakaoma fiberglass kana kongiri zvimiro. Zvichienderana neizvi, Serge Ferrari anga achivaka network yepasi rose yevanogovera uye vanobatanidza kubva 2018 kuunza mhinduro yayo kumisika dzakasiyana.
Aquatraz C2: chizvarwa chitsva chevhoriyamu yakakura yakavharwa matanga
Pakati pemapurojekiti makuru, kuzvipira kwe Lerøy Seafood Group uye SalMar neAquatraz C2 system, yakagadzirwa pamwe chete neSeafarming Systems. Makambani ese ari maviri akazivisa mari yakabatana yekuvaka zvikamu zvitanhatu zvemuenzaniso uyu, nechinangwa che kaviri huwandu hwekugadzira izvo zvavanototonga nematekinoroji apfuura uye kubatanidza hutungamiriri hweNorway tekinoroji mune yakavharwa aquaculture.
Iyo Aquatraz C2 inogara nhaka iyo ruzivo rwakawanikwa kubva kuLerøy's S1 modhi uye SalMar yekutanga Aquatraz makeji, asi inotora nhanho kumberi muhukuru uye hydraulic dhizaini. Chikwata chimwe nechimwe chinenge chine simba re 70.000 cubic metres emvura uye ichange iine zvinhanho zvitanhatu zviri pakadzika dzingangoita mamita makumi matatu nemashanu, zvichivimbisa kuunganidzwa kwemvura inotonhora uye yakachena, ine kuderera kwakanyanya kwendava dzemugungwa.
Iri zano rekuchera mvura kubva muzvikamu zvakadzika rinotibvumira kushanda naro mvura yakanyanya kugadzikana mukupisa uye kunakaIzvi zvinovandudza hutano hwehove uye zvinoderedza kudiwa kwekurapwa. Kuvandudzwa nguva dzose kwevhoriyamu yemukati kunobatsira kuchengetedza oxygenation yakanaka uye inobvumira kudzora kubviswa kwemarara.
Maererano nezvirongwa zvemazuva ano, kudyara kwekutanga de peces Aya macaji eAquatraz C2 akarongerwa iyo kota yekutanga ya2027, nekushanda kwakazara kutanga muna 2028. Chikamu chechimiro chichagadzirwa muChina, apo gungano rekupedzisira richaitwa muNorway shipyards, kusanganisira nhamba yevatengesi veko uye veEurope teknolojia.
Lerøy nevatungamiriri veSalMar vanosimbirira kuti kuzvipira uku kugadzirwa kwekeji hakufanirwe kungotsiva tsika dzechinyakare mumvura, asi. zadzisa tekinoroji iripoPfungwa iyi ndeyekuva nemhinduro dzekuwedzera kukura zvine mwero, kuderedza kuburitswa uye kugadzirisa zviri kuramba zvichinetsa kunetsa kwezvakatipoteredza pasi rose.
Heimdall naScaleAQ: modular, yakaderera-simba rakavharirwa keji
Imwe mhinduro iri kuwana mukurumbira ndeye HeimdallYekutanga yakavharwa keji yegungwa remugungwa inotengeswa nemutengesi wepasirese ScaleAQ. Pfungwa iyi yakaunzwa paAquaNor trade fair muTrondheim uye mutengi wayo wekutanga aive Hardingsmolt, mushandisi ane ruzivo rwakakura mumidziyo yakavharika inoyangarara yemashure-smolts kubvira 2019.
Heimdall ari keji yakareba mamita 160 ine hunobudirira hwekugadzira huwandu hunosvika 20.000 m³. Chimiro chacho chinoratidzira yakanyatsogadzirwa mukati me hydraulic system kuti iwedzere kushanda kwehove, kuchengetedza kuyerera kwemvura kwakanaka uye kuderera kwakanyanya kwesimba rekushandisa. Muchokwadi, huwandu hwemvura hwemukati hunovandudzwa pakati pekamwe kana kaviri paawa.
Heimdall's modular dhizaini inobvumira kuti igadziriswe zviri nyore kuti misimboti yekukura yakasiyanaIyi sisitimu yakanakira hove dzepashure uye dzekutengesa, uye dzinogona kushanda mumvura isina kudzika pasina kupira kuita kana kukanganisa kuchengetedza. Izvi zvinopa varimi vehove shanduko yakakosha mukusarudza nzvimbo uye kugadzirisa mazinga ebiomass.
Kutengeswa kweyekutanga unit kunouya panguva yakafanira, ichienderana ne Hurumende yeNorway yemamiriro ekunze kuchinjika chirongwa kuvarimi vehove kumadokero kwenyika. Ichi chirongwa chinobvumira kushandiswa kwechikamu cheiyo yakagoverwa biomass iyo yakamiswa pasi peNorwegian traffic light system, chero yakavharwa emidziyo masisitimu anoshandiswa kuderedza kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Zvinoenderana neScaleAQ, Heimdall inosangana nezvinodiwa zvese zvekutonga uye yakagadzirirwa kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakasimba uye kunobatsiraChinangwa chekambani ndechekupa macage akakwira-vhoriyamu anogonesa kugadzirwa kwakanaka, nemitengo yemakwikwi uye hwaro hwakasimba hwehunyanzvi hunokurudzira vanogadzira kudyara muzvikamu zvakawanda.
Cages uye hapas: hwaro hweakawanda aquaculture masisitimu
Kunyange zvazvo nhaurirano iri kuwedzera kutarisana nekuvhara, high-tech mhinduro, iyo matanga echinyakare nemapani (hapas) Ivo vanoramba vachikosha mumapurojekiti akawanda emumvura, zvese mumvura yakachena uye munzvimbo dzemugungwa. Aya maumbirwo anobvumira kurerwa kwehove kana zvimwe zvipenyu zvemvura munzvimbo dzakavharwa, apo kuchengetedza kuchinjana kwakananga kwemvura nemhoteredzo yakapoteredza.
Matanga matanga anowanzo yakavharwa mesh zvimiro Aya masisitimu anoiswa mumadziva, nzizi, madziva, kana nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzemugungwa. Zvishandiso zvavo zvakajairika mapurasitiki akasimbiswa, simbi, kana polyester, akagadzirirwa kutsungirira ngura uye mamiriro ekunze akaipa. Dhizaini yavo inosimudzira kutenderera kwechisikigo uye oxygenation, kunyangwe masisitimu ekuwedzera aeration anogona kuwedzerwa munzvimbo dzine kuderera kwemhepo.
ari hapas kana pantenes Aya matanga madiki anoyangarara anowanzo shandiswa kusimudza fry kana kuchengetedza hove dzinopfuya. Saizi yavo yecompact inobvumira manejimendi chaiwo ekudyisa, kuwanda kwemasheya, uye kutarisa hutano. Iwo akaiswa mumadziva ese ari maviri uye anotenderedza aquaculture masisitimu, anoshanda se "nursery" kana inodzorwa yekuberekesa module.
Muzviitiko zvose izvi, zvinhu zvinosarudzwa kuti zvimire kwenguva refu mumvura, uchishandisa PVC uye polyethylene kana kuti waya dzesimbi dzakabatiswa dzinovimbisa hupenyu hwakakwana nekugadzirisa zvine musoro. Maumbirwo acho anogona kunge akatenderedzwa, mativi mana, kana rectangular kana ari matanga, nepo hapas kazhinji ane rectangular kana cylindrical zvichienderana nemhando uye chinangwa chekugadzira.
Pakati pezvakanakira zvigadziriso izvi zviri nyore ndezve kudzora kwezvakatipoteredza, kudzivirira kubva kune zvikara, uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka nekugadzirisa zvirinani density de peces uye kudya. Kutenda kune izvi, zvipenyu zvakadai sesaumoni, tilapia kana gungwa mabhesi anobudiswa pamwero mukuru mukuzaruka kana semi-akavharwa masisitimu, achitsamira kune hapas yezvikamu zvakakosha zvakadai sefry kurera kana kubereka.
Cermaq's yakavharwa cage system uye kuchengetedzwa kweecosystems
Iyo kambani Cermaq yakagadzira yayo yakavharwa keji system nekutarisa kwakanyatsojeka: kuchengetedza zvese hove dzinorimwa uye vanhu vemusango munzvimbo dzemahombekombe kwainoshanda. Dzakawanda dzenzvimbo idzi dzine huvepo hwakasimba hwenharaunda dzekuzvarwa uye dzisiri dzekuzvarwa dzinotsamira zvakanyanya pahutano hwemugungwa.
Chimwe chezvinhu izvo Cermaq akadzidza kwemakore ndeye Hukama pakati pecaligus (inda dzegungwa), salmon inorimwa nehove dzemusangoKambani iyi yakatsvaga kurongedza kugadzirwa kwayo nemafambiro emunharaunda kuti kuderedze njodzi yezvipembenene zvinokanganisa salmon yemusango panguva yerwendo rwavo kuenda nekubva kunzvimbo dzinoberekesa.
Mumakore achangopfuura, Cermaq yakabatanidza yakavharwa midziyo mhinduro inobvumira zvakanyanya kuomesesa kudzora kwezvinhu zvakaita semvura oxygenation, tembiricha, kana hydrodynamic kuyereraAya ma paramita anotariswa neakakwira sensor masisitimu, ayo anobatsira kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa mamiriro ehove uye nekukasira kuona chero hutano kana hutano matambudziko.
Nekuita kuti ruzivo urwu ruvepo munguva chaiyo, vagadziri vanogona kurumidza kugadzirisa chikafu, kuyerera kwemvura, kana oxygenationIzvi zvinoderedza kushushikana uye, nekudaro, mukana wechirwere. Iyi nzira inofambirana nemaitiro eindasitiri kune data-inofambiswa nemazvo aquaculture, pane kuvimba chete nekutarisa kwechinyakare.
Cermaq's yakavharwa cage system inoratidza kuti tekinoroji inogona kuwiriranisa zvibodzwa zvekugadzira ne kuchengetedzwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye kuremekedzwa kwenharaunda dzemahombekombe, ichipa modhi iyo mamwe makambani anogona kushandisa sereferensi yekuvandudza kwavo pachavo.
Kushanda dhizaini: wave kuramba uye kuita mumamiriro akanyanya
Mazhinji emakeji matsva aya uye masisitimu akavharwa akagadzirirwa kushanda munzvimbo dzinonetsa dzemugungwanekuzvimba kukuru uye, mune dzimwe nguva, kunyange madutu. Kune zvigadziriso zvakagadzirirwa madziva uye gungwa rakashama rinokwanisa kumira mafungu anosvika anenge matanhatu metres, kuchengetedza hunhu hwavo hwekuvimbika uye hunhu hwakagadzikana panguva yemadutu makuru.
Kuti uite izvi, zvinhu zvepamusoro-simba zvinosanganiswa ne magadzirirwo anogovera mitoro uye anotora rimwe resimba remasaisaiMakeji anochinjika, semuenzaniso, anochinjika kukufamba kwemvura, kuderedza kushushikana, nepo zvimiro zvakaomarara zvinoshandisa zvinosimbisa uye geometries zvinobvisa zvirinani kushushikana kwemagetsi.
Mukuwedzera pakutsungirira kwemuviri, kunyanya kutariswa kunobhadharwa Kushandiswa kwesimba kwakabatana neiyo hydraulic system nekutsinhanisa mvura. Mapurojekiti akaita seHeimdall anoratidza kuti zvinokwanisika kuvandudza zvizere mukati mevhoriyamu kamwechete kana kaviri paawa nekushomeka kwesimba rekushandisa, chimwe chinhu chakakosha pakugara kwenguva refu kwehupfumi.
Zvakaitika zvakaunganidzwa pamapurazi makuru, kusanganisira Tilapia nemamwe mapurojekiti emhando munyika dzine madutuVanopa mhinduro dzakakosha pakusimba kwezvigadziro izvi. Positive operational references kubva kumapurazi makuru nemapurojekiti ehurumende anobatsira kusimbisa kuti masisitimu haashande mudzidziso chete, asiwo pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara enyika.
Kuedza kwese uku mukugadzira uye kuyedza kumunda kune chinangwa chakafanana: kuve nechokwadi chekuti makeji akavharwa anogona kushanda kwemakore akawanda pasina kukanganisa kwakanyanyakuderedza njodzi kuvagadziri, kuhove uye kune zvakatipoteredza.
Nekuwedzera kwemapurojekiti akaita seStarfish, BlueSafe, Serge Ferrari's flexible cages, Aquatraz C2, Heimdall, classic cages uye hapas, uye Cermaq's system, aquaculture iri kuvaka kabhuku yemhinduro dzinobvumira kugadzirisa mwero wekuvhara, dhigirii rekutonga, uye mari zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvedunhu rega rega, mhando, uye bhizinesi modhi. Kusiyana kwetekinoroji uku kuri kugadzira nzira yekugadzirwa kwakawanda uye kwakasimba, zvinoenderana nekukura kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvemagariro zvinodiwa, pasina kupa pundutso kana kuchengetedza chikafu.
