La oxygenation munzvimbo dzemvura Ndiyo imwe yeiyi misoro inodimbura zvirango: kurima mumvura, kurapwa kwemvura, kurima, uye kunyangwe kushandiswa kwevanhu. Kana tichitaura nezvemvura inoisa mweya weokisijeni, tiri kutaura nezvekuwedzera iyo oxygen inowanikwa yehupenyu uye yemakemikari uye zvipenyu maitiro anoramba akaenzana. Zvinonzwika zviri nyore, asi kune yakawanda sainzi kumashure kwayo uye, pamusoro pezvose, mhedzisiro inoshanda.
Mwoyo wenyaya ndiwo okisijeni yakanyungudika (DO), chikamu ichocho cheokisijeni (O2) iyo inoramba iri mumvura uye inogona kushandiswa nehove, invertebrates, zvinomera zvemumvura uye microorganisms. Inoratidzwa mumilligrams parita (mg/L) kana zvikamu pamiriyoni (ppm), uye zvakare se saturation percentage, iyo inofananidza iyo DO iripo nehupamhi iyo mvura inogona kuve nayo pane chaiyo tembiricha uye kudzvanywa. A value kumativi 5 mg/L kana kupfuura Inowanzoonekwa seine hutano kune mazhinji mashandisirwo, kunyangwe zvese zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Chii chinonzi oxygenation yemvura uye nei ichikosha?
Oxygenating mvura inosanganisira kuwedzera DO concentration nenzira dzechisikigo (mhirizhonga, mapopoma, photosynthesis) kana nzira dzekugadzira (aeration, jekiseni reokisijeni, nezvimwewo). Okisijeni iyi yakakosha pakufema kwe hove, invertebrates uye aerobic microbes, iyo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, inoshatisa organic zvinhu uye kuvhara kutenderera kwekudya. Kana mwero ukadzikira zvakanyanya, zvipenyu zvinonetsekana, kunhuhwirira kusingafadzi kunoonekwa nekuda kwekuita kweanaerobic, uye ecosystem inotambura.
Iyo OD zvakare a kiyi yemhando chiratidzo: Hunhu hwepamusoro hunowanzo hukama nemvura yakachena, ine okisijeni; low values ​​inoratidza kusvibiswa, eutrophication kana kumira. Kunyangwe aesthetic zvinhu zvakaita sekunhuwa, kujeka, uye kuravira kwemvura zvinovandudza kana okisijeni yawanda uye kuderedzwa kweaerobic kunoshanda nemazvo.
Yakanyungudika okisijeni masosi uye simba rezuva nezuva
Mvura inowana oxygen nenzira dzakawanda. Yokutanga ndiyo kuchinjana nemhepo, kunyanya kana paine masaisai, mafungu kana mhirizhonga inovandudza firimu repamusoro uye kufambisa kuparara kweO.2Nzira yechipiri huru ndeye photosynthesis zvezvinomera zvemumvura, sezvakaita ambulia, algae uye phytoplankton, izvo zvinobudisa oxygen mumvura mukati mezuva.
Mhedzisiro yese yephotosynthesis inogona kurerutswa sezvizvi: CO2 + H2O → O2 + C6H12O6 (muhupo hwechiedza uye chlorophyll). Munguva yemasikati masikati DO inowanzoita kuwedzerausiku, pasina photosynthesis; anodzika Nokuti zvipenyu zvose zvinoramba zvichifema. Naizvozvo, mumadhamu anobereka kana madziva, mashoma eokisijeni anowanzoitika. mambakwedza.
Pamusoro pezvo, chikamu chikuru chemhepo yepasi rose okisijeni inobva Marine photosynthetic zvipenyu, ne phytoplankton ichiita basa rakakura. Kunyangwe iyo nhamba ichisiyana zvichienderana nekwakabva, zviri pachena kuti mupiro wavo wakakosha kupasi uye kune DO chiyero mumvura yakasikwa.
Zvinhu zvinotarisa mazinga eOD
La tembiricha mirairo. Mvura inotonhora inonyungudutsa okisijeni yakawanda kupfuura mvura inodziya, saka nekupisa kunyungudika kunodonha uye iripo DO inodzikira. Izvi aggravated nokuti hove nezvimwe zvipenyu, kuva poikilotherms (kutonhora-neropa), metabolism yavo inowedzera nekushisa uye vanodya oxygen yakawanda. Muenzaniso wekare: pa5°C trout inogona kushandisa ~50-60 mg O2/h, asi pa25 ºC iwe uchada kashanu kana katanhatu.
La munyu Inoderedzawo kunyungudika kwemagasi: iyo yakawanda yakanyungudika munyu, zvishoma OD inogona kubata mvura. Saizvozvowo, the atmospheric pressure uye urefu pesvedzero: iyo yakakwirira yakakwirira, iyo yakaderera kudzvanywa uye kushomeka kweokisijeni inowanikwa yekuparara; kudzvinyirirwa pakadzika kunowedzera kunyungudika, kunyange zvazvo kuzviparadzanisa kubva mumvura yakadzika kunogona kutungamirira kumazinga akaderera kana pasina kusanganiswa.
El kufamba kwemvura Chinokosha. Currents, masaisai, mapopoma, kana aeration kuwedzera gasi kuchinjanisa; pane zvinopesana, mvura yakadzikama kana yakaderera-yakadzika inowanzopa Lower ODs. Mukuwedzera, kuwanda kwe organic zvinhu (mashizha, tsvina, zvimedu zvekudya) zvinokonzera kufema kwebhakitiriya uye kudiwa kweokisijeni, kuderedza DO. Ichi ndicho chikamu chepamusoro eutrophication, iyo inopinza mvura mumvura, inoita kuti algal blooms uye, kana yakasvibiswa, inopedza oxygen.
Zvakakosha kudzivisa gasi supersaturationSezvo mutemo wakazara, huwandu hwemagasi akanyungudika haafanire kudarika 110%. Pamusoro pechikumbaridzo ichi panogona kunge paine nyaya dze "gasi bubble chirwere“Muhove (embolism, emphysema muzvimbi kana paganda), chinhu chisingawanzoitiki asi chinogona kuitika; zvipembenene zvemumvura zvinogonawo kukanganiswa, kunyangwe padanho repamusoro.
Mazinga akakwana uye mareferensi
Kuti uwane nhungamiro, 4–5 mg/L OD inowanzoonekwa seyakaderera kuchengetedza nharaunda dzakasiyana de peces, ari mukati mvura yakanaka yekuredza Hazvishamisi kuona masokisi ari pedyo 9 mg / L. Pazasi 3 mg / L matambudziko akakomba anotanga uye kana OD ikawira 1–2 mg/L kwemaawa mashoma anogona kuitika kufa kwevanhu vakawanda.
En aquaculture, zhinji mhando dzinopisa kushanda zvakanaka kumativi ose 5–6 ppm, asi chinangwa chekutonga chinowanzova chepamusoro chepamusoro, kumativi 7ppm kana kupfuura, kupa chengetedzo margin. Izvo zvakakoshawo kutarisa iyo saturation percentage: kukosha pakati 80 - 120% zvinoonekwa zvakanaka, uye pazasi 60% kana pamusoro 125% unopinda munzvimbo ine njodzi.
Sensitivity inobva pane mhando, saizi, physiological mamiriro, tembiricha uye zvinosvibisa. Iyo yakakura chiitiko (kushambira, kushushikana muhove, marapirwo), kuwedzera kushandiswa kweokisijeni; kudya kunosimudza metabolism uye kana DO yakaderera, hove dzinogona kumira kudya (kukuvadza kutendeuka kwekudya uye purofiti). Naizvozvo, kutonga kwakanaka kweDO ndeyehupfumi pamwe neyezvakatipoteredza chishandiso.
Chinhu chakakosha nuance: mvura mbiri ne 5 mg / L MaOD haangopi kunyaradza kwakafanana kuhove kana imwe iri kure 10 ºC uye imwe yacho ku 30 ºCRelative saturation uye metabolic inoda shanduko, saka zvakakosha kududzira mg/L muchiedza chetembiricha uye mamiriro.
Nzira dzinoshanda dzemvura yeokisijeni
Pane zvigadziriso zvechinenge chiitiko chese. aerator uye diffusers Vanobaya mabhubhu akanaka anovandudza kufambiswa kweokisijeni pamusoro pepamusoro; zvinowanzoitika mumiti yekuchenesa mvura nemadziva. de peces. The mapopoma nematsime Ivo vanotora mukana wekusagadzikana kwemvura inodonha, yakasikwa uye, sezvineiwo, aesthetic nzira.
Nekuda kwezvido zvakakwirira, iyo jekiseni reokisijeni rakachena Inoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura mweya wemuchadenga: inobvumira yakakwira DO mazinga kuti asvike uye arambe achitsigirwa nekukurumidza, chimwe chinhu chakakosha mu. mapurazi ehove kana kuti recirculation systems. The mechanical agitators (paddle wheels, impellers) wedzera kusangana kwemhepo-mvura uye kukurudzira kusanganisa mukoramu.
Kune dzimwe nzira dzakadai se electrolysis (kuparadzaniswa kweH2 I2 kushandisa ikozvino) kana ozone systemsOzone haisi oxygen yakachena, asi kana yaora mumvura inoburitsa O2, uchiita se oxidant uye disinfectantNekudaro, zvinoda kungwarira dhizaini uye kutonga kudzivirira byproducts kana overdose.
Munharaunda yemumba mune okisijeni midziyo pombi mvura kuburikidza microdiffusion kana venturi, ichipa mvura inoonekwa seinotsva. Kunyangwe iyo yakananga physiological mabhenefiti ekunwa "hydrogen peroxide" inyaya yekukakavadzana, pamwero we kuravira uye kunhuwidza Kuvandudza kunoonekwa kana anaerobic chiitiko uye mamwe organoleptic makomisheni akaganhurirwa.
Iyo okisijeni yakanyungudika inoyerwa sei
Kuyera zvakanaka ndiyo hafu yekugadzirisa. Iyo classic nzira ndeye Winkler titration, iyo inosunga okisijeni kune sampuli kuburikidza neketani yezvinoita uye inobvumira kuverengerwa kwayo nekunyatsojeka. Ndiyo muyero werabhoritari wecalibration uye kutonga kwemhando.
Nekuenderera mberi kwekushanda, ivo vanoshandiswa electrochemical sensors (galvanic kana polarographic) inoyera ikozvino inogadzirwa nekudzikiswa kweO2 pane cathode. Vanoda membrane uye electrolyte kugadzirisa, asi inopa chaiyo-nguva data.
Imwe nzira yemazuva ano ndiyo Optical luminescence sensors, iyo inoona kuti oxygen "inodzima" sei fluorescence yedhayi. Iwo akagadzikana, chaiwo, uye ane zvishoma kupindira, akanakira kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa.
Kusarudza nzira kunoenderana bhajeti, kunyatsojeka kunodiwa uye nharaunda (munda, laboratori, nzira yekugadzira). Chero zvazvingava, periodic calibration uye yakanaka sampling maitiro anoita mutsauko.
Zvishandiso uye mabhenefiti muzvikamu zvakasiyana
En aquaculture, yakagadzikana uye yakakwirira DO inoderedza kushungurudzika, inovandudza kukura uye inoderedza kuitika kwezvirwere. Kutarisira kwakaringana kunobvumira kuwedzera kusimba kwezvirimwa pasina kukanganisa hutano, optimize iyo kubudirira.
En agriculture, kudiridza nemvura ine okisijeni zvakanaka inosimudzira midzi ine utano, kunwa kwehutano uye inodzivirira kudzikisira nharaunda muivhu rakabatana kana kuti rakaguta, kuderedza mishonga ine muchetura pachirimwa.
En tsvina tsvinaOxygen ndiyo mafuta ehu aerobic microorganisms inosvibisa organic matter uye nitrify ammonium kuita nitrites nema nitrate. Kuchengeta DO muchikamu chakakodzera kunovimbisa maitiro anoshanda. inoshanda uye yakagadzikana.
En zvisikwa zvakasikwa, oxygenation inobatsira kudzosera zvikamu zve hypoxia, kurwisa eutrophication uye kudzorera hupenyu hwemvura. Kune zviitiko zvakanyorwa munzizi huru apo, mushure memakumi emakore emazinga akaderera, kudzoreredzwa kweDO kwakawedzera kusiyana kwezvipenyu nemikana yekutandara.
Para kudyiwa kwevanhu, mazinga akakwana eDO anovandudza kuravira uye maonero ehutsva. Chenjerera mumwe wemuindasitiri: iyo yakanyanya okisijeni iyo nzira ine mvura, iyo inokurumidza iyo ngura mumapombi nemidziyo, nemari inodiwa neizvi.
Oxygen mune aquaculture: yakanaka manejimendi uye matekinoroji
Masisitimu ekurima anopa chokwadi chakasiyana. In madziva, masikati photosynthesis uye kufema kweusiku kunokonzera oscillations yakakura; mu matanga egungwa, mafungu uye kuchinja kwekushisa kunogadzirisa kupiwa kweokisijeni; mu recirculation (RAS), iyo organic mutoro uye kugona kwebiological mafirita kunoraira kudiwa kweO2Kunzwisisa maitiro chaiwo ehurongwa hwakakosha pakutonga kunoshanda.
Kutorwa kwe PSA okisijeni jenareta (pressure swing adsorption) inobvumira kugadzirwa kweO2 in situ kubva kune ambient air. Iyi tekinoroji inoparadzanisa nitrogen uye inopa rukova rwe oksijeni yakadzika, kudzikisa mitengo yezvinhu zvichienzaniswa nemasilinda kana zvinwiwa. Inopawo kugadzikana uye inoderedza tsoka yekufambisa.
Chengetedza mazinga akakwana uye anogara aine O2 kuchena kwakanyanya kunovandudza Hove hutano, inosimudza mazinga ekukura uye inoderedza zviitiko zvekushungurudzika. Panyaya yekugadzirwa, kufa kwakaderera uye shanduko yekudya zvirinani inoturikira yepamusoro purofitiEhe, sisitimu inofanirwa kukwidziridzwa zvine hungwaru uye ishandiswe nekuramba ichitariswa.
Makiyi maitiro akanaka: kushandisa zvinoputira uye diffuser yemabhuru akagovaniswa zvakanaka, isa monitoring systems yeOD, tembiricha uye mwero wekuyerera, uye chengetedza a kugara uchigadzirisa (kuchenesa ma diffusers, mapombi ekutarisa, kuchengetedza simba). Izvi zvinodzivirira kudonha kusingatarisirwi mumazinga eokisijeni, izvo zvinogona kudhura zvakanyanya.
Ngatisakanganwe manejimendi e organic load: Zvikafu zvechikafu netsvina zvinowedzera kudiwa kweokisijeni. Kusefa kunoshanda, siphoning, uye chikamu chekuvandudza mvura kunobatsira kuchengetedza DO. Inofanirawo kuonekwa kuti mhuka huru, ine kuwedzera kwekuita kana kudya zvakanyanya, inopedza oxygen yakawanda; kuronga kudyisa uye kugadzirisa maresheni kune iripo DO chinhu chinobatsira kwazvo manejimendi.
Kemikari yemvura: redox, zvinovaka muviri uye anoxia
Oxygen ndiyo protagonist yevakawanda redox reactions iyo inodzora makemikari emumvura. Munzvimbo dzakanaka-oxygenated, maitiro akadai se nitrification shandura ammonium kuita nitrites uye nitrate, mafomu anotorwa nyore nyore nezvirimwa. Kana oxygen iri shoma, mamiriro ezvinhu anomuka hypoxic kana anoxic uye zvinhu zvisingadiwi (semuenzaniso, hydrogen sulfide) kubva kumarara, ane zvinokanganisa kunhuwa uye chepfu.
Nezvikonzero zvese izvi, iyo OD haisi nhamba chete: ishinda yavanodhonza. kunaka kwemvura, ecological balance uye process performance. Kuichengeta mukati memhando yakakwana inodzivirira zvisingafadzi zvisingafadzi mune zvemuviri, makemikari, uye zvipenyu zviratidzo.
Mvura yekunwa uye indasitiri: kuravira, ngura uye boilers
Mukupa network, yakakwira OD inowanzobatanidzwa nayo kuravira kuri nani. Nekudaro, kubva pakuona kweinjiniya, huwandu hwepamusoro hunowedzera iyo ngura zvemapombi nemidziyo. Naizvozvo, maindasitiri mazhinji anoedza kudzikisa okisijeni mumvura inoshandiswa kuchengetedza midziyo uye kuve nechokwadi chemhando yechigadzirwa.
Mumaboilers, chiyero chinodiwa zvakanyanya: kunyangwe mumidziyo ye low pressure zvishoma zvinotsvakwa pane 2 mg / L, uye mune dzakawanda zviitiko zvakakosha padyo ne 0,007 mg / L (7 µg/L). Deoxygenation by thermal deaerators uye kushandiswa kweokisijeni scavenger chikamu chechero chirimwa chebhuku rekupona.
Matanho ekuvandudza nekuchengetedza OD
Kana chinangwa chiri chekuwedzera uye kuchengetedza oxygen yakanyungudika, kune matatu mativi. Chekutanga, aeration uye kusanganisa zvakakodzera: saizi aerator, gadzirisa nzvimbo yadzo, uye tora mukana wezvakasikwa. Chepiri, load control: kuderedza kuiswa kwefetereza, kuyerera, uye organic matter; mukurima uye munzvimbo dzemumaguta, izvi zvinoreva maitiro akanaka ekutonga ivhu. Chetatu, kuongorora: Pasina chaiyo-nguva data, muganho wekuita wakaderedzwa.
Kana mazinga akakosha, iwo jekiseni reokisijeni (PSA kana O masosi2) inopa mhinduro ine simba kwazvo. Mumamiriro mashoma ekumanikidza, kuvandudza nyonganyongaKuisa mapopoma emvura kana kugadzirisazve kutenderera kunogona kukwana. Hunyengeri kuenzanisa mutengo, njodzi, uye zvinangwa zvemhando yemvura.
Zvakakoshawo kuyeuka kuti supersaturation Hazvikuvadzi. Kugadzira masisitimu anodzivirira zvakanyanya kudarika 100% yakazara gasi saturation ichabatsira kudzivirira bubble pathology mumhuka dzemumvura. Kudzora otomatiki nemaalarm eDO kana yakazara gasi peaks igoridhe rakachena.
Reference values ​​uye hungwaru kuverenga data
Kupfuura mitemo yakajairika, mvura yese ine "hunhu" hwayo. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuvavarira ≥5 mg/L sehwaro uye basa muhuwandu hwe 80-120% saturation Iyo igwara rinobatsira mune ecosystems, aquaculture, uye maitiro. Kurekodha maitiro ezuva nezuva (zvishoma pamambakwedza, zvakanyanya pakati pemasikati) zvinobatsira kuziva mismatches ikozvino ita dambudziko risati raputika.
Tsanangudzo yekubatana kwe ITA, tembiricha, salinity uye organic mutoro Izvi ndizvo zvinopa mufananidzo wakakwana. Neruzivo urwu, unogona kuronga maaerators, kugadzirisa maresheni ezvekudya, kuronga kuvandudzwa kwemvura, uye kusarudza kana zvakakodzera kuisa mari mukugadzirwa kweokisijeni pasaiti.
Aquatic oxygenation, yakagadzirwa zvakanaka uye yakatariswa, inoguma hutano hwakanaka, maitiro anobudirira, uye mamwe mabasa ane pundutso. Kudzora okisijeni yakanyungudika hausi humbowo hwehunyanzvi: inshuwarisi yehupenyu yemvura yatinoshandisa uye nehupenyu hunotsamira pairi.
