Kugadzirwa kwechangobva kuitwa kwe hove diki yecrucian isina musana Izvi zvaunza zvakare basa rekugadzirisa majini muchikafu pamberi penhaurirano. Kuvandudzwa uku, kunotungamirwa neChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), kunotarisa zvakananga chimwe chezvipingamupinyi zvinowanzoonekwa pakudya hove: mapfupa madiki akawanda, matete anoda kutarisirwa zvakanyanya pese pakurumwa.
Rudzi rutsva rwehove urwu, runozivikanwa se Zhongke Nhamba 6Yakagadziriswa mushure memakore matanhatu ekushanda mukati mechirongwa chekuvandudza majini. Hunhu hwayo hwakasiyana hahugumiri pakushaikwa kwemapfupa ari pakati petsandanyama; yakagadzirwawo kuti ishande zviri nani mukurima hove zvakanyanya, nekukura nekukurumidza, kudya kushoma, uye kuramba zvirwere zvakanyanya—zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kuwanikwa kwehove muAsia uye, munguva yepakati, muEurope.
Chii chinonzi gibel crucian carp uye nei misana yayo iri dambudziko?
Mutambi mukuru wemufananidzo uyu ndiye gibel crucian carp (Carassius gibelio)Hove yeScorpionfish, hove yemumvura yakachena inodyiwa zvakanyanya munyika dzakawanda dzeAsia uye inowanikwawo muEurope, inowanzo shandiswa, inokosheswa nekuda kwenyama yayo yakapfava, kunaka kwayo kushoma, uye mapuroteni akawanda. Zvisinei, ine dambudziko rayo pachena: muviri wayo wakazara nemapfupa anopfuura makumi masere. Mitsipa yepakati petsandanyama yakaita seY, yakabatana pakati pemhasuru dzemhasuru.
Mitsetse iyi mitete, inowanikwa mumhando dzakawanda dzemvura yakachena, inoomesa kushandiswa kwemvura pamba uye nevashandi. Kubvisa zvachose hazvigonekiIzvi zvinoita kuti vazhinji vanodya, kunyanya vana nevakwegura, vasadye hove dzerudzi urwu vachitya kudzipwa kana kurwadziwa pahuro.
Kubva pakuona kwekuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, zvidimbu zvemapfupa zvinozivikanwa kuti ndizvo zvinokonzera zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nechikafu. Mishumo yakasiyana-siyana yakataurwa nenyanzvi dzezvenhau inoratidza kuti mapfupa ehove anogona kukonzera kuendeswa kuchipatara nekukurumidza nekuda kwekuboorwa kana kukuvara mugumbo uye mudumbumamiriro ezvinhu anozivikanwa zvakanaka nenyanzvi dzezvehutano.
Muchiitiko ichi, mukana wekuva ne crucian carp isina mitsipa yemutsinga Izvi zvinovhura mukana wekuderedza njodzi iyoyo uye kuita kuti zvive nyore kuisa hove iyi mukudya uko parizvino kunonyanya kukosha kune mhando dzakachena kana kuti fillets dzakagadzirwa zvakanyanya.
Makore matanhatu ekutsvaga: kubva pamepu ye genomic kusvika ku carp isina spineless
Kuvandudzwa kweZhongke Nhamba 6 kunowira pasi pechirongwa cheChinese Academy of Sciences chinozivikanwa se Kugadzira uye Kugadzira Mbeu Nemazvo, UN chirongwa chemakore matanhatu chakatarisana nekugadzira mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzine hunhu hwakasiyana zvekurima nekurimwa kwemvura. Panyaya iyi, chinangwa chikuru chaive chekubvisa mitsetse midiki yakajairika yegibel crucian carp pasina kuchinja chimiro chayo chikuru chemapfupa kana kukura.
Chikwata ichi, chinotungamirwa nemuongorori Gui JianfangAkatanga nekutarisa rimwe rematambudziko makuru: kunzwisisa gibbel carp genome complex...rudzi rune ma chromosomes akawanda. Magadzirirwo aya emagene anowedzera kuoma kwekuwana majini chaiwo anobatanidzwa mukuumbwa kwemapfupa ari pakati petsandanyama.
Mushure memakore akawanda ekushanda murabhoritari nekuongorora, masayendisiti akawana jini iri runx2b sechikamu chakakosha munzira inotungamira kuumbwa kwemidzi yemitsipa yakaita seY. Shanduro dzakazotevera dzechidzidzo ichi dzinotsanangura mhando mbiri huru, dzinonzi Cgrunx2b-A uye Cgrunx2b-B, zvine chekuita nekuonekwa kwemapfupa emapfupa anokonzera misoro yakawanda panguva yekudya.
Pakangowanikwa "mugadziri" uyu wehurongwa hwemitsetse, danho rinotevera raive rekushandisa chishandiso cheinjiniya yemajini chakanyatsojeka: hurongwa CRISPR-Cas9, inozivikanwa zvikuru se "molecular scissors" inokwanisa kucheka nekugadzirisa DNA sequences nemazvo.
Maitiro ekubvisa pfupa pasina kukuvadza skeleton yehove
Mupiro mukuru wehunyanzvi hwepurojekiti uri mukuzadzisa bvisa jini re runx2b nekusarudza (nemhando dzayo) chete maererano nekugadzirwa kwemapfupa ari pakati petsandanyama. Kuti izvi zviitike, timu yakashandisa CRISPR-Cas9 mu mazai emudumbu emudumbu, zvichikanganisa kodhi yemajini inokonzeresa kuumbwa kwemisana iyoyo.
Vaongorori vanoti kupindira uku kwakaitwa panguva imwe chete pamakopi ese akakodzera eCgrunx2b-A neCgrunx2b-B, pasinei nekuoma kwekushanda nechisikwa chine ma chromosomes akati wandei. Kugadziriswa kwemajini kwakagadzirirwa kungobata chete maumbirwo emapfupa akanaka, pasina kubata majini ari mumapfupa makuru ehove.
Zvinoenderana neruzivo rwakaburitswa nevezvenhau vakaita seCGTN neInteresting Engineering, mhedzisiro yacho ndeyekuti mhando itsva yeZhongke Nhamba 6 Inochengetedza chimiro chemapfupa chakasimba uye chinoshanda.Inodiwa pakushambira uye kukura zvakanaka, asi haina mitsetse midiki iri pakati pemhasuru dzinoita kuti zviome kudya.
Kubva pamaonero esainzi, nzira iyi inobatanidza matanho maviri akakosha: kugadzira mamepu ezvemajini akazara kuti uone nzira chaiyo inokonzera kuumbwa kwemapfupa ane matambudziko uye Kugadziriswa kwakatungamirirwa neCRISPR/Cas9 nechinangwa ichocho. Maitiro aya akatsanangurwa semhando yekuvhiya kwakanyatsogadzirwa padanho remamorekuru, kwakagadzirirwa kurimwa kwemvura.
Zvakanakira kubereka: kukura nekukurumidza, kudya kushoma uye kuramba kwakasimba
Kunze kwekureruka kwayo kushandiswa, Zhongke Nhamba 6 yakazviratidza se mhando iyi yakagadzirirwa nharaunda dzine vanhu vakawanda vanorima hoveuko kushanda zvakanaka uye hutano hwehove zviri zvinhu zvikuru. Vatungamiriri vemapurojekiti vanosimbisa zvakanakira zvitatu zvine chekuita nerudzi rutsva.
Kutanga, kukura nekukurumidzaIzvi zvinovabvumira kusvika pamutengo wemusika munguva pfupi. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kumapurazi makuru ehove, ayo anogona kutenderedza madziva kana makeji zviri nani uye kugadzirisa zviri nani kuronga kugadzirwa kwehove.
Chechipiri, miedzo yekutanga inoratidza kuti kuramba zvakanyanya kurwaraIzvi zvakakosha mukurima kwakasimba uko kuwanda kwezvipfuyo kunokurudzira kupararira kwezvirwere. Hutano huri nani hunoderedza kudiwa kwekurapwa uye hunogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, dambudziko riri kukura muEurope nekuda kwekubatana kwayo nekusagona kurwisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.
Chechitatu, Zhongke Nhamba 6 yakagadzirirwa shandisa chikafu zviri nanikuda chikafu chidiki kuti pave nehuwandu hwakaenzana hwemapuroteni. Izvi zvine chekuita zvakananga nemitengo yekugadzira uye nharaunda, sezvo chikafu chiri chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvekushandisa uye mutoro wezvakatipoteredza wekuchengetwa kwehove dzemazuva ano.
Kana zvabatanidzwa, hunhu uhwu hunoita kuti crucian carp isina mapfupa isangova chinhu chiri nyore kune mutengi chete, asiwo sarudzo inogona kukwezva mapurazi de peces uye masisitimu e aquaponics dzinotsvaga goho guru pa cubic mita imwe neimwe yemvura.
Kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu uye ruzivo rwevatengi
Imwe yenharo dzinodzokororwa kakawanda pamusoro pekufambira mberi uku ihukama huripo pakati pe kubviswa kwemapfupa madiki uye kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu. Mapfupa ehove anonamira pahuro achiri chikonzero chinowanzo shandiswa pakubvunza vanachiremba uye, muzviitiko zvakakomba, kupinda muchipatara nekukurumidza.
Nekubvisa zvachose mitsipa iyi yepakati pemhasuru, crucian carp itsva inovavarira kuderedza njodzi dzetsaonaIzvi zvakakosha zvikuru kumapoka evasina dziviriro akadai sevana nevakwegura. Kumhuri nevashandi vemaresitorendi, mukana wekubika hove nenjodzi shoma yekuwana mapfupa madiki unogona kuratidza shanduko huru mukubika nekupihwa kwadzinoitwa.
Kudya kwacho kwakawedzerwawo. Vatengi vazhinji vanodzivisa dzimwe hove dzemumvura yakachena nekuti dzine kucheneswa kwakakwana uye kutarisirwa nguva dzose paunenge uchitsengaMhando yehove isina mapfupa madiki inoita kuti zvive nyore kuiisa mumafillets, kuinwa, kugocha, kana kubheka pasina kunetseka kwakanyanya, izvo zvinogona kukurudzira kuiswa kwerudzi urwu rwehove mumamenyu ezuva nezuva uye mumamenyu emaresitorendi.
Mumisika yakaita seEurope, uko kudyiwa kwemafillets akachena uye zvigadzirwa zvisina mapfupa zvakagadziriswa kwakanyanya, rudzi urwu rwekuvandudzwa runogona kukodzera zvinofarirwa zvekunyaradzwa uye kuchengetedzeka izvo vatengi vanoratidza, chero bedzi kusava nechokwadi nezvezvisikwa zvakagadziriswa majini kwakagadziriswa.
Zvinokonzera kurima kwemvura muChina, Europe nedzimwe misika
MuChina, gibel crucian carp iri pakati pemhando dze mhando dzemvura yakachena dzinozivikanwa zvikurumudzimba nemumaresitorendi. Kana mhando yeZhongke Nhamba 6 ikatengeswa zvakanyanya, nyanzvi dzinoti inogona kuwedzera musika wehove iyi nekubvisa chipingamupinyi chemapfupa uye kuwedzera purofiti kune vanogadzira.
KuEurope, kukanganisa kwacho kwaizonyanya kuve kwemitemo uye kwekutengeserana. karpi yecrucian yakagadziriswa majini Izvi zvinoda kuti zvitevedzerwe mitemo yeEU pamusoro pezvisikwa zvakagadziriswa majini kana zvakagadziriswa, izvo zvinonyanya kuomarara. Chero zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika kana kubereka mhuka dzemuno zvinofanirwa kupasa bvunzo dzekuchengetedza, kunyora mazita, uye kutevedza kwazvinoita.
Kunyangwe zvakadaro, mukutsvaga mapuroteni anogara kwenguva refu uye kupatsanurwa kwezvinobvaVamwe vaongorori vanotenda kuti mhinduro dzerudzi urwu dzinogona kuiswa patafura munguva yepakati, kunyanya kana dzichiratidza zvakanakira zvakajeka mukushandisa zviwanikwa zvakanaka, kuderedza marara uye kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu kwakawedzerwa.
Chimwe chinhu chekufunga nezvacho kukwikwidzana nedzimwe mhando dzakatovepo mumusika weEurope, dzakadai sesalmon, trout, uye gilthead seabream inorimwa. Hove yecrucian carp isina mapfupa inogona kuzviratidza sehove huru. imwe nzira yemvura yakachena ine minzwa mishoma uye goho guru, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine tsika yekurima michero yecyprinid.
CRISPR-Cas9 patafura: mikana nehurukuro
Kubudirira kwaZhongke Nhamba 6 kunoonekwa se danho guru mukushandiswa kweCRISPR-Cas9 mukugadzirwa kwechikafuKusvika pari zvino, gakava guru pamusoro pekugadzirisa majini rave richinyanya kutarisa pazvirimwa zvezvirimwa; kubuda kwehove inotengeswa isina mapfupa madiki kunoendesa hurukuro yacho zvakananga munyaya dzekurima hove nemapuroteni emhuka.
Pakati pemikana inoonekwa nevesainzi pane mukana wekugadzira mhando dzezvipfuyo nehove dzine hunhu hwakasiyana: kuramba zvirwere zvakanyanya, kuchinja chikafu zviri nani, kukwanisa kuchinjika nemamiriro ekunze anochinja kana hunhu hwekubika, senge kusava nemapfupa kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinokonzera allergy.
Zvisinei, gakava riri kutangawo pamusoro pe kugamuchirwa kwezvigadzirwa izvi munharaundaNzira dzekudzinyora mazita, kukanganisa kwadzo pamarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwa kana dzikapararira munzvimbo dzezvisikwa, uye kurudziro yekuisa kugadzirwa pamhando shoma dzemajini dzakagadziriswa zvakanyanya zvese zvinhu zvinowanzo ongororwa nekungwarira kukuru muEurope.
Chero zvazvingava, ruzivo rwekuvhiyiwa necrucian carp isina mapfupa ruchashanda sechidzidzo chekuongorora kuti kusvika papi Vatengi vanoda kushandisa chikafu chakagadziriswa majini kudya kwavo kwezuva nezuva pavanoona zvakanakira zviri pachena pakuchengetedzeka, nyore uye mutengo.
Kugadzirwa kwemhuka yerudzi rweZhongke Nhamba 6 isina mapfupa kunoratidza kuti kugadzirisa majini kunogona sei kugadzirisa matambudziko chaiwo ezuva nezuva, akadai semapfupa ehove, ukuwo zvichiunza kuvandudzwa kwekubudirira mukurima hove. Vatongi veEurope, vagadziri nevatengi Vanopedzisira vaona mumhando iyi yekufambira mberi chishandiso chinobatsira kuona mapuroteni emhando yepamusoro uye kuderedza njodzi dzekudya; hove yecrucian carp isina mapfupa inogona kuva imwe yemienzaniso yekutanga yehove dzakagadziriswa majini dzine hunhu hwakakosha kunze kweAsia.
