Sezvakangoita crayfish, kune zvekare iyo Gakanje gungwaMakakanje aya ndiwo nyeredzi dzechinyorwa chino. Kune vanenge 4.000 marudzi ayo atingati magakanje, uye mazhinji acho anogara mugungwa. Makakanje aya ane hunhu hwakasiyana neanogara murwizi nekuti anofanirwa kujairana nerudzi rwakasiyana rwenzvimbo. zvakakukomberedza.
Muchikamu chino tichaudza iwe zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezvemagakanje egungwa.
Mhando huru
Kana vachibva Mar kana of RwiziMakakanje ndeyehurongwa hwe decapodsIzvi zvinoreva kuti vane peya shanu dzemakumbo. Kune rumwe rutivi, vane peya yekutanga yakagadziridzwa kuita tweezers kana pincers (chelae) dzakashanduka kubata, kucheka uye kushandura chikafu, kuzvidzivirira kune zvikara uye kuita tsika dzekupfimbanaKune rumwe rutivi, vane makumbo ekufamba kuti afambe nepasi.
Kufanana nemakarustasi ose, vane a chitin exoskeleton iyo inoshanda segoko rekudzivirira. Iri goko harirambe richikura, saka gakanje rinofanira kufamba (ecdysis) nguva nenguva: goko rekare rinopfava uye rinopatsanura, uye idzva rakatoumba pasi. Mushure mekunyunguduka, iyo exoskeleton nyowani inotora nguva kuomesa, nguva yakanyanya kutetepa pavanenge vari panjodzi.
Gakanje regungwa rinoratidza zvinoshamisa kusiyana kwehukuru uye chimiro chepincers yavo Zvichienderana nemhando uye zvepabonde, izvi zvinoenderana nekudya kwavo uye rudzi rwemhuka dzavanobata. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, imwe claw inogona kusimba zvishoma pane imwe, uye mune genera semafiddlers, imwe claw yakakura zvisingaite uye inoshanda basa chairo. communicative panguva yekudanana.
Muhunhu, Vanowanzova nemaitiro e-benthicKureva kuti, dzinofamba-famba mugungwa umo dzinodya, dzinozorora, uye dzinoberekana. Zvimwe zvipenyu, zvisinei, zvakagamuchira mararamiro akawanda emumvura. demersal (padyo nepasi asi nenguva yekushambira) kana kuti vanogara munzvimbo dzepakati pemvura. Kune mhuri dzine simba guru rekushambira, rakadai semaportunids, ane peya yekupedzisira yemakumbo akatsetseka kuti azvifambise mumvura, kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vanofamba nekufamba.
Imwe yemifananidzo yakasarudzika ndeye yayo kusuduruka padiviChimiro chechimiro chemuviri (yakafara shell ine dumbu rakaderedzwa) uye kurongeka kwemajoini emakumbo kunoita kuti kufamba kweparutivi kuve nyore. inoshanda uye yakagadzikana pane kufamba mumutsara wakatwasuka, kunyanya pavanenge vachifanira kukurumidza kutizira. Kunyange zvakadaro, mamwe marudzi anogona kufamba mberi kana shure kana mamiriro ezvinhu achida.
Chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa ndeche kuberekwa patsva simbaKana vakarasikirwa negumbo kana claw, vanogona kuigadzirisa zvishoma nezvishoma kuburikidza nema molts anotevera, izvo zvinowedzera mikana yavo yekurarama.
Mitumbi yemagakanje egungwa inochinjika nyore kunharaunda dzakasiyana kwazvo. Muenzaniso wekare ndewe manyemwe gakanje, izvo zvakasiyana nemamwe magakanje Haina ganda rakaomarara remudhori Uye nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, inogara mabhomba asina chinhu, ayo anotsiva sezvainokura. Imwe nyaya yakasarudzika ndeye coconut crab, inokwanisa kukwira michindwe kuti iwane zvokudya zvayo, muenzaniso wakanyanyisa wayo kujairana nehupenyu hwepanyika chero vachigona kuchengetedza unyoro hwemuviri, uye mamwe marudzi anocherechedzwa akadai japanese dandemutande gamba.
Gakanje regungwa kudyisa
Mhando dzose dzegakanje dzine hunhu kudya omnivorousIvo vanokwanisa kudya organic zvinhu zvemhuka nezvirimwa zvinobva: hove diki, dzimwe crustaceansVanodya pabivalves, marine gastropods, makonye, algae, uye organic zvinosara. simba pliers izvo zvinofambisa kubatwa uye kubata mhuka. Kukura kwegakanje ndiko kunoita kuti nzwara dzayo dzive nesimba zvikuru uye simba rayo guru rinoita kuti dzivhure. mollusk shells zviri nyore.
Vanoshandisa pincer yavo kupwanya chikafu kuita zvidimbu zvinogoneka kuunza kumiromo yavo. Mhando dzakawanda dzinoratidza kufarira bivalve mollusks (clams, oyster, mussels) uye hozhwa dikiMunzvimbo dziri pedyo nechiteshi chezvikepe kana nzvimbo dzekuredza, dzinowanzotora hunhu hwekunyomba, kutora mukana wekurasa uye zvimedu zvehove.
Vazhinji variko mukanaKunyange zvazvo dzichigona kuvhima, dzinowanzoita kuti dziite zvakanaka uye dzideredze njodzi nekudya izvo zvinosukwa negungwa kumahombekombe kana mhuka dziri nyore kubata dzinowanikwa mumikaha nemumibhedha yeuswa hwegungwa. Pamahombekombe uye munzvimbo dzepakati pemvura, hazvishamisi kuvaona vachichera nekutsvaga chikafu, uye kunyange kutora mukana tsvina yevanhu kana iripo.
Mamwe marudzi anowedzera kudya kwawo kuseferaVanotora zvinovaka muviri pamwe chete netsvina nemvura, uye vobvisa zvavanenge vasingade. Kufara kwekudya kwavo kunotsanangura budiriro yavo yezvakatipoteredza munzvimbo dzakawanda dzemugungwa nemahombekombe.
Habitat nenzvimbo yekugovera
Makakanje aya anowanikwa kuparadzirwa pasi roseKunenge kusina gungwa risina magakanje. Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe mhuka dzichiita kutama kwemwaka kana kwakabatana. kuberekaKuvapo kwaro kunoramba kuripo pamahombekombe mazhinji epasi.
Vanokwanisa kuenderana rinenge chero rudzi rwekugara chero zvidiki zvavanoda zvekugara nechikafu zvichizadzikiswa. Kuchinja-chinja kwekudya kwavo kunoderedza kutsamira kwavo pamamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, saka kana nharaunda yakanakira zvine mwero, vanogona kubudirira. simbisa nyoreVanogona kuwanikwa kubva kumhenderekedzo yegungwa, munzvimbo dzepakati pemvura dzine mafungu, kusvika infralittoral sectors padzinovanda pakati pematombo, uswa hwegungwa kana pasi pejecha.
Nzvimbo yavo yakajairika inosanganisira mikaha ine matomboMapako, mibhedha yegungwa, uye makomba madiki zvinopa pekugara kubva kune zvikara uye zvinopa chikafu semakonye, madiki crustaceans, uye marara egungwa. Mamwe marudzi anoshivirira kusiyana kwakakura mumunyu uye tembirichaIzvi zvinovabvumira kuti vagare mumimiriro yemvura nemachakwi (mvura ine brackish), uyewo munzvimbo dzenguva shoma shoma oxygenation.
Kunyange zvazvo varipo vanenge munyika yose, vanhu vakawanda vari kuwanda mu Atlantic Ocean uye munzvimbo dzine mwero, uye dzimwe dzinokunda kukunda dzinopisa nzvimbo uko tembiricha yemvura inofarira kuwanda kwezvinovaka muviri. Zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoendawo kure kugungwa kusvika pakadzika dzika, nepo dzimwe dzichiramba dziri pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa.
Kubereka uye kutenderera kwehupenyu
Kuberekwa kwemakanje akawanda egungwa kwakanyatsobatanidzwa ne kunyunguduka kwevakadziMumarudzi akawanda, the kusvirana Izvi zvinofambirana nenguva iyo hadzi yakanyungudutswa uye goko rayo richiri rakapfava. Kare, murume anogona chengetedza mukadzi vachizvimisa pamusoro pake uye vachifamba-famba pamwechete kwemazuva kusvikira nguva yekubatana yasvika.
Fertilization inowanzoitika internaZvadaro, hadzi inoisa zviuru zve mazai uye inogadzira nadzo “saga” yainoramba yakanamatira pasi pedumbu rayo, pedyo nemakumbo ayo ekushambira, okisijeni navo uye vadzivirire kwemavhiki kana mwedzi, zvichienderana nemhando uye mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza.
Kana dzikachochonya, pwere dzinopfuura nemu planktonic larval kukura ine nhanho dzinoverengeka (zoeae) uye nhanho inonzi megalopaMukati mematanho aya, magonye anoyangarara uye achidya mukoramu yemvura kusvikira, mushure mekugadzirisa, anodzika kusvika pasi, achitora chimiro chechidiki chemunhu mukuru. tembiricha and the munyu Vane simba rakasimba pakurarama nekuenderera mberi kukurumidza kwekusimudziraKazhinji, tembiricha yakakwira zvishoma inomhanyisa maitiro mukati mezviyero zvinoshivirira, uye kuderera kwakanyanya kwemunyu kunogona kutadzisa kana kudzivirira budiriro yakajairika.
Mukukura, makungwa akawanda egungwa anogona kuramba aripo mazuva akawanda kubva mumvura Dzinobudirira munzvimbo dzine mwando dzine tembiricha dziri pakati nepakati, kunyange zvazvo dzichiwanzodzokera kugungwa kuzodyisa, kunaya mvura, uye kubereka.
Hupenyu hunotarisirwa hunosiyana nekuti kune marudzi mazhinji, asi Kazhinji inotangira pakati pemakore matatu ne15Nguva iyi inoenderana nekuvapo kwechikafu, kudzvanywa kwechikara, uye kugadzikana kwenharaunda.
Muenzaniso wakanaka: gakanje regirini rekuEurope (Carcinus maenas)
Mukati megungwa makakanje, Carcinus maenas (European green crab kana shore crab) ndeimwe yeakanyanya kudzidzwa nekuda kwehukuru hwayo kuchinjika uye kukanganiswa kwayo kwezvakatipoteredza pese painozvisimbisa. Igakanje re saizi yepakatinegoko rakapamhama kupfuura kureba uye hombe, mapinzi anoshanda. Ruvara rwayo rwakanyanya Variable (girinhi, tsvuku, tsvuku) zvichienderana nenhanho ye molting cycle uye substrate.
Inorarama marudzi ose emahombekombe uye nzvimbo dzine mafungu, kubva kumadziva kusvika kumawere, ane jecha, kana pasi pakafukidzwa nealgae. Inoratidza kushivirira ku kuchinja kwemunyu uye tembirichauye inoshingirira nguva dze oksijeni yakaderera zviri nani kupfuura mamwe makustaceans. Iyo omnivorous uye generalist, ine kugona kukuru mabhomba akazaruka ye bivalves uye kushandisa huwandu hwakawanda hwezviwanikwa.
Sezvipenyu, yakashumwa kupfuura mararamiro ayo epakutanga uye inofungidzirwa kuva high invasive potential munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi, kwainokwikwidzana nemagakanje ekuzvarwa uye inopedza zviwanikwa zvekuredza, zvichikanganisa hupfumi hwenyika uye kugadzikana kwemaketani ezvokudya intertidal zones. Yakashandiswa zvakare se bioindicator kuongorora simbi inorema uye zvimwe zvinosvibisa, sezvo ichiunganidza zvisaririra mumatishu ayo.
Gungwa kutyisidzira
Hupenyu hutarisirwa hwemhuka idzi hwakaoma kunzwisisa kuti iine sezvo iine zviuru zvina mazana mana. Asi zvakadaro, Avhareji yehupenyu huri pakati pemakore matatu ne15.Hupenyu uhwu hunoenderana neshanduko dzinogona kuitika muhuwandu hwezvikara kana shanduko yezvakatipoteredza. Kazhinji dzinovhimwa nekudyiwa nemhuka dzemugungwa dzakadai octopus, turtle dzegungwa, shark, otters yegungwa uye, dzimwe nguva, mamwe magakanje makuru. shiri dzegungwa uye hove zhinji dzemumahombekombe dzinodyawo padziri, kunyanya pwere.
Pakushaikwa kwezvokudya, vanokwanisa idyanai (cannibalism). Iyi tsika inowanzoitika mukati high densities zvichienderana nehuwandu hwevanhu, uye zvakajairika kuti vechidiki vanyanye kuve panjodzi.
Pavanouya kumahombekombe egungwa, vanogonawo kusangana nekutyisidzira. mazai kana makonye Ivo zvakare vari munjodzi: mugungwa vanogona kudyiwa nemamwe marudzi epanktivorous uye, kana vari munzvimbo dzemahombekombe, mhuka dzinoyamwisa sezvo imbwa nekatsi zvinogona kuvabata netsaona.
Pamusoro pezvikara zvechisikigo, kune zvinomanikidza zvekwakabva vanhu: the kusvibiswa (heavy metal, microplastics, hydrocarbons), iyo kurasikirwa nepekugara nokuda kwemabasa epamhenderekedzo yegungwa, the kudziyisa mvura and the acidification yegungwa. Kubatwa kwezvinoitika mumidziyo yekuredza, kufamba kwengarava, uye kuparara kwemafuro egungwa zvinokanganisawo vagari venzvimbo yavo.
Chimwe chinhu chakasiyana manejimendi e dzinoparadza marudziMimwe mishandirapamwe yekudzora magakanje asiri emunyika, kana isina kugadzirwa zvakanaka, inogona kukanganisa nharaunda dzenzvimbo. Saka, nzira dze kusarudza hove uye kushandiswa kwe misungo kana zviredzo izvo zvinoderedza kukuvadzwa kwenzvimbo uye kubvumira kusunungurwa zvienzaniso zvidiki kana vakadzi vanobereka mazai.
Ukama nevanhu uye kukosha kwekudya
Makakanje akawanda ane gastronomic kufarira uye kubata hove. Kuti ive nechokwadi chekugara kwayo, kubatwa ne misungo chaiyo Izvo zvinosarudzika nekuti zvinoderedza kukanganiswa kwehomwe uye inobvumira sarudza saiziZvakakosha kuremekedza mwaka wakavharwasaizi shoma uye kusunungura vakadzi vane mazai mumhando dzakachengetedzwa kana dzakadzorwa.
Pakuumbwa kwayo, nyama yegakanje inosiyana nezvayo mapuroteni epamusoro chepamusoro chebiological value, mafuta ane hutano (nekuvapo kwe omega-3), uye zvicherwa zvakadai iodine, zinc, phosphorus uye magnesium, kuwedzera kune B mavitamini uye vitamini ESimba rayo mupiro kazhinji zvine mweroine mafuta akaderera akazara, zvichiita kuti a chikafu chinonakidza mukati mekudya kwakadzikama, kunze kwekupikisa kwega.
Kuti unzwisise kuti magaka anodya chii uye kuti anorarama sei, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti iwo marudzi inokosha mumhenderekedzo yegungwaIvo vanodzokorodza chikafu, kutonga invertebrate populations, uye vanoshanda sechikafu chemarudzi akawanda. Kukurudzira kubata hove nekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzavanogara kunobatsira kuchengetedza hutano hwemahombekombe.
Ndinovimba ruzivo urwu runokubatsira kudzidza zvakawanda nezvegakanje regungwa. morphological features chakasiyana, kugona kwayo kwezvakatipoteredza, kunakidza kwayo kutenderera kwehupenyu Uye tichipihwa basa rawo muzvinhu zvipenyu uye mukicheni, magakanje egungwa iboka rinonakidza rinofanirwa kunzwisiswa nekuchengetedzwa.
