Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, the Chinook salmon muPatagonia Yabva pakuva kuda kuziva kwebiology kusvika pakuva chimwe chezvinhu zvinokatyamadza zveecological phenomena muSouthern Cone. Ihove iyi, yakaberekerwa kuNorth Pacific uye inozivikanwawo semambo salmon, yakazvimisikidza yakasimba mumigero yenzizi dzePatagonian, ichiita kushushikana kwezvakatipoteredza uye kufarira kwehupfumi.
Mamiriro ezvinhu akapoteredza Chinook muPatagonian nzizi dzakadai seSanta Cruz uye De las Vueltas Yakamisa mabhero munharaunda yesainzi, manejimendi eruzhinji, uye vagari venzvimbo. Kufambira mberi kwaro, kunotsigirwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemajini uye kugona kukuru kwekuchinja, kunotimanikidza kufunga patsva mabatiro emarudzi ari maviri. inovhiringa zvipenyu zvisina kusimba uye inovhura musuwo wezvitsva zvekuvaraidza uye zvekutengesa hove.
Hofori yePacific yakatora Patagonia
Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon yakakura kwazvo munyikaInogona kukura kusvika pamusoro pemamita 1.5 pakureba uye inosvika huremu hwekutenderera, kana kutopfuura, 60 kilos. Munzvimbo yayo yekuzvarwa, inotsigira hove dzekukosha kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvehupfumi, kunyanya pamhenderekedzo yePacific yeAmerica neAsia.
Hove idzi, dzinozivikanwa nezita rekuti Mambo salmonIine kutenderera kwehupenyu hweanadromous: inoberekerwa mumvura yakachena, inotamira kugungwa kwainopedza nguva yakawanda yehupenyu hwayo, uye inodzoka, makore gare gare, kurwizi rumwe chete kunobereka uye kufa. Rwendo rwokudzoka urwu runobatanidza nzizi uye marine ecosystems akaparadzaniswa nezviuru zvemakiromita.
Kuvapo kwayo muPatagonia hakusi kwechisikigo. Chinook wacho yakatangwa muChile kuma1970, kubva kuvanhu vari muColumbia neWillamette nzizi muUnited States. Izvo zvakatanga semumvura uye kuedza kudzorera zvakare zvakazove nzira huru yekuparadzira kuburikidza nemhepo yegungwa uye kubatana kwepakati pemabheji.
Mumakumi mashoma emakore chete, mambo salmon yakarongedza nzizi dzePatagonian dzakawanda zvakabatana negungwa. Huwandu hwekuzvitsigira hwakagadzwa mumabheseni akasiyana emvura inonyungudika, zvichiita imwe yenyaya dzakakosha dzekupinda kwesalmonid pasi rese, pamwe nezvakaitika kuNew Zealand.
Iyo Santa Cruz basin uye De las Vueltas rwizi, nzvimbo dzakakosha dzekupinda
Zvizhinji zvezvinozivikanwa nhasi nezve Chinook mberi muPatagonia Tsvagiridzo iyi inobva pabasa rakaitwa neInstitute of Diversity and Evolution of Southern Chile (IDEAus-CONICET) uye Center for the Study of Marine Systems (CESIMAR-CONICET), ese ari chikamu cheNational Patagonian Center (CENPAT). Zvikwata zvinotungamirwa nevaongorori Carla Riva Rossi naJavier Ciancio vakashandisa yakakwirira-resolution genetic maturusi kuvakazve nhoroondo yayo yekuwedzera.
Chinangwa chezvidzidzo izvi, kunyanya, pane bheseni repamusoro reRwizi rweSanta CruzNzvimbo iyi, pane Rwizi rweDe las Vueltas, padyo neEl Chaltén, inzvimbo inozivikanwa yekushanya. Nekuongorora samples dzesaumoni dzakabatwa munzvimbo ino, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuona kwaakabva uye kubatana kune vamwe vanhu vakazvarwa uye vakarimwa muSouth America.
Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti huwandu hwerwizi rweDe las Vueltas Iyo inouya zvakanyanya kubva kune genetically akasiyana mutsara kubva kuPacificIzvi zvinobatanidzwa nechikamu chevanhu vane hukama nemapoka akatovambwa pedyo neRwizi rweSanta Cruz pacharwo. Uku kusanganiswa kunopa Chinook kunoshamisa kwemajini akasiyana, chinhu chinofarira kubudirira kwayo semhando yekoloni.
Iyo Santa Cruz bheseni saka inoratidzika seyechokwadi pakati pe genetic accumulation uye migration corridor zvemarudzi. Kubva ipapo, iyo Chinook inokwanisa kuwedzera mune mamwe mabheseni ePatagonian, ichiwedzera nzvimbo yayo yekugovera uye nekuwedzera kuomesa hurongwa hunodiwa mukutonga kwayo.
CENPAT zvidzidzo zvinotsikirira izvo, kunyangwe Rwizi rweSanta Cruz ruchitsigira vanhu vakagadzikana vemambo salmonPachine nzvimbo yekupindira nematanho ekutonga anodzikamisa kupararira kwayo kune mitsva yenzizi uye kuchengetedza kukosha kwezvakatipoteredza kwebheseni.
Ecological impacts: an invasive species with chain effects
Hunhu hunoparadza hweChinook salmon muPatagonia haungori nekuda kwechimiro chayo sechinyakare, asiwo kune kudzika kwekuchinja kwainokonzera munziziHupenyu hwavo, zvichibva pakudzoka kukuru kunzizi kunobereka uye kufa kwevakura kunozotevera, kunosanganisira kupinza kwakakosha kweorganic matter mumasisitimu ayo anga aine mwero wakaderera wekudya.
Kana zviuru zvesaumoni zvinochera matendere ekubereka munzizi dzePatagonian, Vanobvisa nekugadzirisa nziziIyi shanduko yemuviri yenzvimbo inobata invertebrates, hove dzekuzvarwa, uye zvimwe zvipenyu zvinoenderana nekugadzikana uye zvakanyatsotsanangurwa substrate zvimiro.
Mushure mekuberekwa, zvitunha zvevanhu vakuru Dzinoungana mumahombekombe uye murwizikuora uye kuburitsa huwandu hukuru hwekudya. Iyi nzira inoerekana inowedzera organic mutoro wenzizi idzo, muchimiro chadzo chepakutanga, dzaionekwa nekushomeka kwechigadzirwa uye kukwikwidza kushoma kwezviwanikwa.
Uku kupinza kukuru kwe organic matter kunoshandura iyo Nutrient dynamics uye chimiro chebiological communityHuwandu hwema microorganisms hunoshanduka, kugoverwa kwezvipembenene zvemumvura zvinogadziridzwa, uye zvisina kunanga zvinoitika pahove dzekuzvarwa, dzakawanda dzadzo dzisingakwikwidzi kurwisa mhuka yakakura uye inoshanda seChinook.
Mukuwedzera, wechidiki mambo salmon anogona nyama yemhuka dzemunyikaIzvi zvinowedzera dzvinyiriro kunharaunda dzagara dziri pasi pekunetsekana kubva mukuparadzana kwenzvimbo, kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kana kuvapo kwezvimwe zvipenyu. Takatorwa pamwechete, masayendisiti anotsanangura kuwanda kwezvinokanganisa zvinokanganisa kuenzana kwezvipenyu mukati kukosha kwekuchengetedza kwakanyanya muPatagonia.
Kunhuwa, marara uye kushanya: kusawirirana kwevanhu munharaunda yeChinook
Mhedzisiro yeChinook salmon inotambanudzira kupfuura iyo chaiyo ecological sphere. Kuvapo kwavo kukuru mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeRwizi rweSanta Cruz kwakaunza kurwisana kunooneka mukati nzvimbo dzevashanyi seEl Chalténuko vashanyi vanosangana nezviitiko zvisingafadzi munguva yekuberekesa.
Kuunganidzwa kwesaumoni inofa kana yakafa pamahombekombe uye zvikamu zvisina kudzika zveRwizi rweDe las Vueltas Vanobudisa kunhuhwirira kwakasimba.Vanokwezva mhuka dzinoparadza uye dzinogona kukanganisa maonero ezvakatipoteredza nevagari nevashanyi. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anonyanya kunetsa munzvimbo dzine hupfumi hunoenderana, kusvika pamwero mukuru, parunako rwekunaka uye mufananidzo wepristine hunhu.
Panguva imwecheteyo, kupararira kweChinook kwakakonzera kuwedzera kwe poaching uye zvisina kurongwa kutengeserana networkKubata uye kutengesa pasina kudzora kwakakwana kunogona kutungamirira kune njodzi dzehutano, pamwe nekugadzira marara pamahombekombe erwizi uye kusawirirana pakati pevatambi venzvimbo vakasiyana.
Zvidzidzo zvakaburitswa neCENPAT zvinoratidza kuti aya matambudziko emagariro uye ezvakatipoteredza anopindirana, kugadzira yakaoma manejimendi mamiriro uko kubvisa zvipenyu kunenge kusisaratidzike kushanda, asi kurega zvinhu zviitike haisiriyo sarudzo ine mutoro.
Chirevo ichi chakafambisa nhaurirano dzeveruzhinji uye dzehunyanzvi Nezve manejimendi maitiro: ingave yekuisa pamberi pekuchengetedza kwakasimba kweChinook semhuka inoparadza kana kusarudza kushandiswa kwakadzorwa kunobvumira, pamwe muchikamu, kukoshesa kuvapo kwayo kwezviitwa zvekuvaraidza uye zvinobudirira pasi pekutonga kwakasimba.
Pakati pekutyisidzira nemukana: basa rekuvaraidza uye kubata hove
Pasinei nematambudziko ezvakatipoteredza uye emagariro, mambo salmon haaonekwe semuvengi chete. Kune mamwe matunhu, kunyanya ayo akabatana nekubata hove, iyo Chinook inomiririra mukana wehupfumi uye wekuvaraidza iyo, kana ikarongwa zvakanaka, inogona kubatsira mubudiriro yenzvimbo.
Mumwe muenzaniso unowanzotaurwa nevatsvakurudzi ndewe Chinook hove makwikwi muguta rePiedra Buenapamuromo weRwizi rweSanta Cruz. Chiitiko ichi chinokwezva vashanyi, chinosimudzira mabasa ekushanya, uye chinoburitsa diki asi yakakosha kuyerera kwemari kunharaunda.
Saizi uye simba reChinook zvinoita kuti ive a rudzi runokosheswa zvikuru nevabati vehove vemitambovanoona nzizi dzePatagonian idzi senzvimbo yepamusoro yekubata zvienzaniso zvakakura. Chido ichi, zvisinei, chinofanira kuenzana nemaitiro ekuchengetedza uye manejimendi kudzivirira dzvinyiriro yemunhu kubva pakuwedzera mamwe matambudziko.
Naizvozvo, zvikumbiro zve manejimendi zvinosanganisira iyo kudzora kwekunakidzwa uye kubata hovekugadza mvumo, mavhoti nenzvimbo dzakanangana, pamwe nezvivakwa zvakaringana zvekubata, kugadzira nekutakurwa kwehove, zvine hutano uye vimbiso yezvakatipoteredza.
Iyi nzira inoratidza kuti kudzorwa kwekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa kubatsira, panguva imwe cheteyo, kuderedza kuomeswa kwezvipenyu zvezvipenyu uye kuunza mabhenefiti ehupfumi kuvanhu vari mumahombekombe erwizi, kudzivirira kufambira mberi kwehupfumi hwepasi pevhu uye kushatisa nharaunda.
Mhinduro yesangano: Santa Cruz inozivisa salmon yeChinook imhando inoparadza
Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, dunhu reSanta Cruz rakatora danho rakakosha nemvumo ye mutemo unozivisa Chinook salmon rudzi rwekune dzimwe nyikaMutemo uyu wakatsigirwa nezwi rimwe chete muparamende yepurovhinzi, zvichiratidza kunetseka kwakapararira pamusoro pekupararira kwerudzi urwu murwizi rweSanta Cruz.
Mutemo haungogumiri pakuitumidza kuti invasive: unogonesa dhizaini nekushandiswa kwe Chinook Salmon Control uye Utilization PlanUrongwa uhu hune chinangwa chekubatanidza maitiro ezvakatipoteredza, hutano, uye kugadzira, nechinangwa chekudzikisa kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uku uchidzora kushandiswa kwazvinoita.
Chinyorwa chepamutemo chinosimbisa kuti Executive Bazi rinofanira kuronga zviito nemanisiparati, masangano enyika, masangano esainzi uye nharaunda dzenzvimboPfungwa iyi ndeyekuvaka hurongwa hwezvakatipoteredza hunoenderana nehumbowo hwesainzi uye kutora chikamu munharaunda, chimwe chinhu chakakosha mumabheseni akagovaniswa nenzvimbo huru.
Matanho akarongwa anosanganisira zvibvumirano zvakakosha zvekubata hove munzvimbo chaidzo, kuisa pamberi pevagari vebheseni; kusikwa kwekugadzirisa, kutonhora kuchengetedza uye zvifambiso zvekutakura; uye kuitwa kwehutano hwakajeka uye mazinga ezvakatipoteredza kutenderera kwese kwekugadzira.
Mutemo unorambidzawo pachena kusuma nemaune kweChinook munzvimbo iyo isati yavepokuedza kumisa kubuda kwevanhu vatsva vanopinda munyika. Panguva imwe chete, inokurudzira kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa, kubviswa kwekusarudza, uye kudzorwa kwekunakidzwa kwekuredza kudzora kupararira.
Monitoring, genetics uye kushandiswa sainzi mukutarisira
Kufambira mberi mukudzidza kweChinook salmon muPatagonia kwakavakirwa pabasa rakasimba na kuongorora munda uye genetic analysisZvikwata zveIDEAus neCESIMAR zvakaunganidza masampuli kubva kumabheseni akasiyana, zvichitsvaga kwakabva uye nzira dzekuwedzera dzehuwandu.
Kushandiswa kwe yakakwirira-resolution genetic zvishandiso Inobvumira kuzivikanwa kwekwakabva salmon yakabatwa munzizi dzakaita seDe las Vueltas kana iyo Santa Cruz, kusiyanisa mitsara inotora zvakananga kubva kuhuwandu hweNorth Pacific kubva kune idzo dzinotanga mumapoka akatogara muSouth America.
Iyo data inoratidza kuti iyo Patagonian kesi inoratidzwa ne akawanda ocean colonization zviitikoPanzvimbo pechikamu chimwe chete chekusuma, iyi inodzokororwa sumo uye kusanganiswa kweiyo genetic zvinhu zvinowedzera kusiyanisa kwehuwandu hwevanhu, izvo zvinozoshandura kuve hukuru hwepamusoro hwekugadzirisa kune dzakasiyana nzizi nzvimbo.
Kune nharaunda yesainzi, kuve neiyo nhanho yeruzivo kwakakosha kana zvasvika kune gadzira akasiyana manejimendi ekutonga nebheseni, kusanganisira zviyero pakubatanidza rwizi uye hove matanhoHazvina kufanana kuita pane vanhu vakazvimiririra uye vane geneti yakafanana pane inoshanduka system, ine hukama hwemugungwa uye mipiro inogara iripo yemadzinza matsva.
Vatsvagiri vanosimbirira kuti kuburitsa ruzivo rwakavimbika nezve Kupararira, kubatana, uye genetic chimiro Ndihwo hwaro hwekuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo: kusarudza nzira yekuomesera yemidziyo, kusimudzira kushandiswa kwakadzorwa, kana kubatanidza nzira mbiri zvichienderana nehunhu hwenzvimbo yega yega.
Zvidzidzo zveSpain neEurope pamberi pekuwedzera kwemarudzi ekunze
Kunyangwe nyaya yeChinook salmon muPatagonia inoitika muSouth America, inopa zvidzidzo zvinokosha zvekutarisira mhuka dzinoparadza muSpain neEuropeMumamiriro ezvinhu eEurope, nzizi dzatogara pamwe chete nemarudzi akawanda ekunze -de peces kunyange mhuka dzesango nezvinomera zvemumvura-izvo zvinounza mhedzisiro yakafanana maererano nemakwikwi, kuchinjwa kwekugara, uye shanduko yezvinovaka muviri.
Chiitiko chePatagonian chinoratidza kukosha kwe ita nokukurumidza Kana kusvika kwerudzi rwune hukuru hwekoloni hunoonekwa, kumirira kuti vanhu vabatane uye vawedzere kunogona kutungamira kumamiriro ezvinhu apo kupedzwa kunenge kusingagoneki, kuchisiya nzvimbo yekudzora zvishoma uye kuderedza kukuvara.
Saizvozvo, nzira inotorwa muSanta Cruz inosimbisa kukosha kwe batanidza kuchengetedza nekusimudzira magariro nehupfumikunyanya kumaruwa kana munzvimbo dzine vanhu vashoma. Kurambidzwa zvachose pasina dzimwe nzira dzenharaunda dzinowanzokonzera kuramba uye kukurudzira maitiro asina kurongwa anowedzera matambudziko.
The coordination pakati zviremera zvemhoteredzo, bato rokuredza, masayendisiti, uye voruzhinji Iri kubudawo sechinhu chakakosha. Pasina iyi hurongwa hwekubatana, zvakaoma kuchengetedza mitemo yakabatana yenguva refu, kunyanya mumigero yenzizi yakagovaniswa nehutungamiri hwakati wandei, sezvakangoita nzizi zhinji dzeEurope.
Pakupedzisira, kusimbiswa kwe genetics uye kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa Inosimbisa kukosha kwekudyara musainzi inoshandiswa kune manejimendi. Kuve nekuongororwa kwakaringana kwekwakabva, kupararira, uye simba rezvipenyu zvinoparadza kunowedzera mukana wekubudirira kune chero chiyero chekutonga, kungave muPatagonia, Iberian Peninsula, kana zvimwe zvikamu zvekondinendi.
Nhoroondo ichangoburwa yeChinook salmon muPatagonia inoratidza kuti mhuka yakaunzwa nechinangwa chekugadzira inogona kushanduka kuita sei. central protagonist yezvakatipoteredza uye zvekutonga kwevhu gakavaKupararira kwaro kuburikidza nemabheseni akaita seRwizi rweSanta Cruz, runotsigirwa nekusiyana-siyana kwemajini, kwakaunza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, kusawirirana kwevanhu, uye, panguva imwe chete, mikana yehupfumi yakabatana nekuredza. Takatarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, mhinduro yemasangano-nemitemo inozivisa kuti imhuka inoparadza uye zvirongwa zvekutonga kwayo uye kushandiswa kwakagadziriswa-inovimba nebasa resangano resainzi kuti riwane kuenzana pakati pekuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, kugara zvakanaka kwevagari vemo, uye manejimendi ane hunyanzvi hwemhando isingakwanise kupedzwa, asi iyo kuwedzera kwayo kunogona kudzora.
