Mashaki anga achingofamba-famba mumakungwa kwemazana emamiriyoni emakore, asi tinoramba tichiwana zvinhu zvitsva nezvawo makore mashoma ega ega. Zvikara zvikuru izvi zvemugungwa Havasi ivo chete vanyori vemafirimu anotyisa: ndivo zvinhu zvakakosha pakuenzanisa kwemakungwa nemakungwa, uye biology yavo inoshamisa zvekuti vanoputsa mafungiro mazhinji atinofunga nezvawo.
Pane kungova "michina yekuuraya" chete, Mashaki ane pfungwa dzakakura zvikuru, pfungwa dzakapinza zvikuru, uye nzira dzakaoma dzekubereka nadzo.Muchinyorwa chino chose tichanyatsoongorora maumbirwo ayo, kushanduka-shanduka, manzwiro ayo, maitiro ayo, kudya kwayo, kubereka kwayo, hukama hwayo nevanhu uye mamiriro ayo ekuchengetedza, tichibatanidza zvinozivikanwa nezveshaki dzemugungwa pamwe chete nemarudzi akawanda emhando dzadzo dzinoshamisa.
Chii chaizvo chinonzi shark? Taxonomy uye kushanduka-shanduka
Patinotaura nezveshaki, tiri kureva MaSelachean kana kuti maSelachiiboka riri mukati me hove dzemashangaIdzi chikamu cheboka reElasmobranchii, iro rinosanganisirawo marara nemanta rays; dzose pamwe chete nemachimera, dzinoumba boka guru remachondrichthyes.
MaSelachian anozivikanwa nekuve mapfupa enyama yemukati, zvidimbu zvishanu kusvika zvinomwe zvemagill kumativi ese emusoroDzine ma placoid scales (dermal denticles) uye ma free pectoral fins, zvichireva kuti hadzina kusanganiswa nemusoro. Parizvino, mhando dzeshaki dzinopfuura 500 dzinozivikanwa, dzakarongwa mumapoka akasiyana-siyana anosanganisira zvese kubva kumarudzi madiki egungwa kusvika kushaki hombe dze pelagic.
Nhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka kweboka iri yakareba zvikuru. Mafomu ekutanga de peces shaki ine shwashwaAnonzi maacanthodian akaonekwa muEarly Silurian, makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 430 apfuura. Gare gare, panguva yeDevonian, ma elasmobranch ekutanga mupfungwa yakafara akabuda, uye kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi mwaranzi yakaramba ichienderera mberi.
Zvimwe zvisaririra zvemafossil, zvakaita se Otodus megalodonDzinoratidza kuti mhuka idzi dzakakwanisa sei kutonga makungwa: zvinofungidzirwa kuti megalodon iyi yaisvika mamita angangoita gumi nematanhatu pakureba. Shark dzemazuva ano, sezvatinoziva nhasi, dzakanyorwa kubva muEarly Jurassic, makore angangoita mamiriyoni mazana maviri apfuura, mushure mekusiyana-siyana kwakakura.
Zvidzidzo zvemajini munguva pfupi yapfuura zvakasimbisa kuti Shark nemwaranzi zvinoumba clade ye monophyletic (maNeoselacians), uye kuti mukati meSelachii mune mapoka maviri makuru emhuka: Galeomorphi (inosanganisira, semuenzaniso, mashaki machena, etiger kana ewhale) uye Squalomorphi (senge shaki dzengirozi, spiny dogfish kana shaki dzegungwa rakadzika).
Kusiyana-siyana kwemarudzi nemarudzi enzvimbo dzekugara
Kunyange zvazvo tichiwanzofungidzira rudzi rumwe chete rweshaki, chaizvoizvo kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemaumbirwo, saizi, uye mararamiroKune mhando diki, dzakadai se dwarf lanternshark (Etmopterus perryi), iyo inenge masendimita gumi nemanomwe, uye hofori chaiyo sehove inonzi whale shark (Rhincodon mhando), hove huru pane dzose pasi pano, inogona kudarika mamita gumi nemaviri.
Mashaki mazhinji anogara mugungwa uye anogara mumakungwa ese, kubva ku mvura iri pamusoro pegungwa kusvika pakadzika kusvika pamamita 2000Pasi pemamita 3000, kuwanikwa kwawo kushoma, kunyangwe mimwe mienzaniso ye pailona yakanyorwa pakakwirira kupfuura mamita 3500. Anowanzo kuwanikwa mumvura ine mwero uye inopisa, asi kunewo mhando dzakajairana nemvura inotonhora.
Kunyangwe zvakabatana zvakanyanya nemvura ine munyu, kune zvimwe zvakasiyana. Shaki yemombe (Carcharhinus leucas) uye dzimwe hove dzemurwizi dzerudzi rweshaki Glyphis Dzinogona kufamba dzichikwira rwizi uye dzichichengetedza huwandu hwevanhu mumvura yakachena, nekuda kwekuchinja kwakakosha kwemuviri kwatichaona gare gare.
Zvichibva pahugari hwadzo, tinogona kusiyanisa mapoka makuru ezvakatipoteredza. Kune rumwe rutivi, hove dzinonzi pelagic sharksIdzi dzinofamba nemugungwa rakavhurika uye dzinofamba daro rakakura: izvi zvinosanganisira shark yebhuruu, shark chena huru, mako shark, uye shark yegungwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, mashaki emugungwa, ine chekuita nematombo asina kudzika kana pasi pematombo, akadai sewhitetip reef shark, grey reef shark kana tiger shark.
Kunewo mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemafungu emugungwa, ayo anopedza nguva yakawanda ari pasi pegungwa. Mashaki engirozi, mashaki emakapeti, kana mashaki evanamukoti Idzi inyanzvi dzinobva pasi, dzinowanzovanzwa zvakanaka uye dzine nzira dzekuvandira.
Hunhu hwemuviri: mapfupa, ganda, uye zvimbi
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kushamisa nezveshark ndechekuti Mapfupa ayo ane shwashwaCartilage haisi pfupa. Yakasimba asi yakareruka kupfuura pfupa, izvo zvinoderedza huremu hwemuviri uye zvinoderedza simba rekufamba. Chimiro ichi, chichiwedzera kubatanidzwa kwemasero akawanda, chinoita kuti agone kuchinjika zvikuru.
Shaya dzacho dzinofanirwa kutaurwa zvakanyanya. Kusiyana nemhuka dzakawanda dzine mapfupa emusana, Shaya dzeShark hadzina kubatana nedehenyaKuti ikwanise kutsungirira kushanda nesimba kukuru kunodiwa kubata nekubvarura mhuka, pamusoro peshaya pane jira rine maplate madiki, ane hexagonal, ane calcium anonzi tesserae. Mumhando hombe dzakadai se great white shark kana tiger shark, panogona kunge paine ma terraces akati wandei e tesserae anosimbisa chimiro chacho.
Ganda racho rakafukidzwa nema placoid scales kana dermal denticles. Denticle yega yega yakaita sezino diki rakatarisa kumuswe, izvo zvinoita kuti rive muviri wacho wakatsetseka kusvika wabatwa kubva kumusoro kusvika kumuswe uye wakakombama kune rimwe divi rakasiyanaMadhinhe aya anoderedza kukweshana nemvura, anovandudza hydrodynamics, uye anodzivirira kubva kuzvipembenene nekukuvara. Mumarudzi mazhinji, madhinhe aya anoratidza mavara uye mapatani anobatsira kufukidza, akadai semitsara yetiger shark kana mavanga e zebra shark.
Kana ari muswe, hove zhinji dzeshaki dzine mapapiro emusana ane heterocercal caudaluko chikamu chepamusoro chakawedzera kukura uye musana unotambanukira mukati mawo. Kurongeka uku kunoita kuti pave nekusundidzirwa uye, panguva imwe chete, kusimudzwa kwakatwasuka kunotsiva kusadzika kwayo. Muzvikara zvinofamba nekukurumidza sePorbeagle kana Mako, chikamu chepazasi chine simba guru rekuchengetedza kumhanya kwakanyanya.
Mamwe marudzi akanyanya kukoshesa miswe, akadai se hove inonzi pelagic thresher shark (Alopias pelagicus)ine mapapiro emuswe wepamusoro anogona kureba semuviri wese uye inoshandiswa sechikwapuro kushamisa zvikoro de peces.
Mazino, mazino uye masisitimu ekugaya chikafu
Mazino eShark imhando yekare yehupenyu hwegungwa. Mazino haana kunamatira papfupa, asi anowanikwa mumatadza.yakarongwa mumitsara yakati wandei inoshanda sebhandi rekufambisa. Muhupenyu hwayo hwese, shark inogona kurasikirwa nekutsiva makumi ezviuru zvemazino.
Chimiro chemazino chinoenderana zvakanyanya nekudya kwacho. Mashaki anodya crustaceans ne mollusks Dzine mazino akati sandara, akafanana nemazino ekupwanya zvine simba. Awo anonyanya kukoshesa hove diki anowanzova nemazino matete, akapinza, akakodzera kubata mhuka dzinotsvedza. Mumhuka huru dzinodya mhuka dzemugungwa, dzakadai seshark hombe, mazino epamusoro ane mativi matatu uye ane mhango, akakodzera kucheka zvidimbu zvikuru zvenyama, nepo mazino epasi achishandiswa kubata.
Mumhando dzeshiri dzinodyisa sefa dzakadai sewhale shark kana basking shark, Mazino acho madiki uye anenge ane hunhu hwekufananidzira.Basa guru rinoitwa neshiri dzinonzi gill rakers, dzine zvivako zvirefu, zvitete zvinoshanda sesefa kuti dzichengetedze plankton nehove diki uku mvura ichipfuura nemumagill.
Dumbu rine chimiro cheJ rinogona kupararira kuti richengete chikafu chakawanda. Kana shaki yamedza chimwe chinhu chisina kunaka (mapfupa makuru, zvinhu zvisiri zvekunze), inokwanisa kuyambuka dumbu zvishoma, kuritenderedza pasi chaiko uye kuburitsa zviri mukati nemuromo.
Ura hupfupi, asi mukati mahwo mune Spiral vharafuImhando ye "spiral slide" inowedzera zvakanyanya nzvimbo inonyudzwa pasina chikonzero chechubhu refu kwazvo. Nekuda kwechimiro ichi, chikafu chinofamba zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvinovaka muviri zvinoshandiswa zvizere marara asati asvika mu cloaca.
Kufema, kutenderera kweropa, uye kunyorova
Kufanana nehove dzese, mashaki anowana okisijeni yakanyungudutswa mumvura kuburikidza nemagill awo, asi maitiro avo ane hunhu hwakasiyana. Maburi egill haana kufukidzwa ne operculum sezvakaita hove dzine mapfupa, asi dzinoonekwa semaburi akavhurika kumashure kwemusoro. Mhando dzakawanda dzinewo buri diki riri kuseri kweziso, rinobatsira zvikuru pakusveta mvura kana shark yakazorora pasi.
Padzinofamba, mvura inopinda nemuromo yoyerera pamusoro pemagill nenzira inonzi ram ventilation. Shaki zhinji dzinokwanisawo kupomba mvura netsandanyama dzepahuro kana dzichiripo. Zvisinei, dzimwe mhando dzeshiri dzinonzi pelagic dzinoshanda zvakanyanya dzakarasikirwa nehunyanzvi uhwu uye dzinoonekwa se "dzinoda kushambira": kana dzikarega kushambira, mvura inomira uye dzinogona kudzipwa.
Sisitimu yeropa iri nyore: moyo une makamera maviri Inopomba ropa risina okisijeni kuenda kumagill kuburikidza ne ventral aorta, uko rinoiswa okisijeni uye rinodzoka kuburikidza ne dorsal aorta kuti riparadzirwe mumuviri wese. Kubva ipapo, rinodzokera kumoyo kuburikidza ne cardinal veins, richipedzisa circuit.
Panyaya yekuyangarara, hove dzeshaki hadzina dundira rekushambira rine gasi, sedzimwe zhinji. de peces pfupa. Pane kudaro, Vane chiropa chikuru, chakapfuma mumafuta asina huwandu hwakawanda, kunyanya squalene. Nhengo iyi inogona kumiririra kusvika ku30% yehuremu hwemuviri uye inoshanda senzvimbo yekuchengetedza simba uye sechimiro chekuyangarara zvishoma. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, kuyangarara kwayo kunoramba kusina kunaka, uye inovimba zvakanyanya nekufamba uye chimiro chezvipete zvayo kuti irambe yakadzama.
Mumhuka dzinopedza nguva dziri pasi, dzakadai seshaki yemukoti, kubhururuka uku kusina kunaka kunotova mukana, sezvo inovabvumira kuzorora pa substrate Pasina shungu. Dzimwe shark, kana dzikadzoserwa pasi kana kubatwa nemhino yadzo, dzinopinda mumamiriro ekusagona kufamba zvakanaka izvo vaongorori vanoshandisa kuti vazvibate zvakachengeteka.
Physiology: tembiricha, osmoregulation, uye kemikari yemukati
Mazhinji eshaki imhuka dzine ropa rinotonhora kana kuti dzine poikilothermic, saka Tembiricha yemuviri wavo inofanana netembiricha yemvura yakapoteredza.Zvisinei, dzimwe mhando dzemhuri yeLamnidae, dzakadai segreat white shark kana kuti mako, dzinokwanisa kuchengetedza mamwe matishu pakupisa kwakanyanya nekuda kwesystem yekuchinjana kupisa (rete mirabile) uye mabhandi emhasuru dzvuku dziri mukati memuviri.
Kugadziriswa kwemunyu nemvura kwakasiyanawo. Nyama dzeshaki dzine kuwanda kwakanyanya kweurea netrimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)Izvi zvinoita kuti mvura yemuviri wavo ive inotonic kana ikasangana nemvura yegungwa. Izvi zvinovabvumira kudzivirira kurasikirwa nemvura yakawanda kuburikidza ne osmosis, asi zvinoomesa hupenyu hwavo mumvura yakachena, uko vanogona kuwana mvura yakawandisa uye kurasikirwa nemunyu.
Kana shaki yafa, urea inopwanyika kuita ammonia nekuda kwehutachiona, izvo zvinotsanangura kunhuhwirira kwakasimba kweammonia kwezvitunha zvinooraPamusoro pezvo, dzine tsinga yemudumbu yakasarudzika mukubvisa machloride, chinhu chakakosha pakugadzirisa kuenzana kwemunyu.
Kugayiwa kwezvokudya mumhuka idzi kunogona kunonoka. Mushure mekupfuura nemudumbu nemuura hwakakombama, Zvisaririra zvisina kumedzwa zvinozoburitswa kuburikidza ne cloacaKudya mombe idzi zvishoma nezvishoma, pamwe chete nemaitiro adzo ekuvhima, zvinoreva kuti hadzidi kudya zuva nezuva; dzimwe mhuka dzinogona kugara kwenguva refu dzisina kudya mushure mekudya kukuru.
Manzwiro eShark: akanyanya kusimba kupfuura zvaunofungidzira
Chinoita kuti mashaki ave akakosha ipfungwa dzavo dzakasiyana-siyana. Vane pfungwa dzakakura dzekunhuhwidza, kuona, kunzwa, kuravira, uye kunzwa kwemuchina, asi vanewo pfungwa dze kugona kwakawedzerwa: electroreceptionZvese izvi zvinoita kuti dzive mhuka dzinodya mhuka dzinoshanda zvakanaka, kunyangwe mumvura ine rima kana murima guru.
Kunhuwa uye kuravira
Mashaki ane mababu anonhuwirira akagadzirwa zvakanyanya dzakabatana nemhino dzakaparadzana nemuromo. Dzinokwanisa kuona huwandu hushoma hwezvinhu zvakasiyana, zvakaita semakemikari ari muropa. de pecesuye zvakare kuona kwainoenda hwema nekuenzanisa nguva yahunosvika pamhino yega yega.
Hukuru hwebhabhu remushonga wekunhuhwirira hunosiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo. Mumvura dzisingaonekwe zvakanaka, hove dzeshaki dzinowanzo vimba zvakanyanya nekunhuhwidza kwakoKunyange zvazvo dziri mumatombo ane chiedza chakawanda, dzimwe mhando dzinoderedza kuvimba kwadzo nepfungwa iyi uye dzinonyanya kuvimba nekuona. Mhando dzegungwa rakadzika, uko chiedza chisingapindi, dzinoratidza zvakare zvivako zvikuru zvekunhuhwirira.
Kana zviri zvekuravira, mashaki ane zvibundu zvekuravira mumuromo mawo (kwete parurimi rwawo, sezvo asina rimwe). Mukanwa mavo munonyanya kunzwa mafutaIzvi zvine musoro tichifunga kuti vanoda kudya kunopa simba rakawanda. Kazhinji vanoruma chimwe chinhu, vochiravira, uye kana chisingavagutse, vanongochisvipa.
Chiono uye bioluminescence
Kusiyana nezvinotendwa nevakawanda, mashaki haasi mhuka "dzisingaoni" kana kuti "dzisingaoni". Magadzirirwo emaziso ayo akafanana neezvimwe zvisikwa zvine mapfupa anotendereraAne lenzi, cornea, uye retina. Anewo tapetum lucidum, jira rinopenya riri kuseri kwe retina rinochinja chiedza uye rinovandudza kuona zvakanyanya kana chiedza chikashoma.
Ruzhinji rwemhando dzakadzidzwa dzinoita sedzine maonero matema nemachena kana kuti dzine mavara mashoma, sezvo Ma retina mazhinji ane tsvimbo chete kana rudzi rwekoni inonzwa ruvara rwegirini. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kusiyana kwemavara ndiko kwakakosha kwavari kupfuura ruvara pakuona mhuka kana zvipingamupinyi.
Mamwe mashaki ane membrane inobaya, maziso akajeka kana kuti akajeka zvishoma ayo Inovhara kuti idzivirire ziso panguva yekurwiswaMamwe marudzi, akadai seshark hombe, haana membrane iyi uye panzvimbo pezvo anotarira shure panguva yekurova kuti asakuvadzwe.
Hunhu hunonakidza hwemamwe mashaki, akadai semamwe catsharks kana kuti puffer sharkIzvi zvinonzi biofluorescence. Pasi pechiedza chebhuruu, zvikamu zveganda rayo zvinoburitsa ruvara rwegirini nekuda kwemakemikari e fluorescent anobva mu metabolism yema acid akadai se kynurenic acid. Kugona uku kunofungidzirwa kuti kunoshanda pakuvanza kana kutaurirana pakati pevanhu.
Mutsetse wenzeve newaparutivi
Kunyange zvazvo dzisina nzeve dzekunze, shark dzine maburi madiki mumusoro anotungamira munzeve yemukatiDzinonyanya kunzwa ruzha rusinganzwike zvakanyanya, senge rwunobva mukufamba kamwe kamwe kana mhuka dzakakuvara, dzavanogona kuona dziri kure nemazana emamita.
Yakabatana nenzeve isystem ye lateral line, nzira dzakatevedzana dzemvura dzinofamba nehurefu hwemuviri dzine neuromasts (masero ebvudzi) anonzwa kudedera uye kuchinja kwekumanikidzwa. Iyi "pfungwa yechitanhatu yemagetsi" Zvinovabvumira kuona mafungu emvura, zvipingamupinyi, uye mhuka dzinobatwa kunyangwe vasingabatani nemaziso, neruzha rwuri pakati pe25 kusvika 50 Hz.
Kugamuchira Electroreception: ampullae yeLorenzini
Pamwe kugona kunoshamisa kweshark kunzwa ikugamuchira electroreception. Munzvimbo yemhino uye yakakomberedza musoro, kune mazana kana zviuru zve Lorenzini ampoules, nhengo diki dzakabatana nekunze nemaburi akazadzwa negel inofambisa mweya.
Nhengo idzi dzinoona minda midiki yemagetsi inogadzirwa nekushanda kwetsandanyama netsinga dzedzimwe mhuka. Nekuda kweizvi, shaki inogona kuwana mhuka yakavigwa mujecha kana kuti yakavanzwa murima guruUyezve, zvinoita sekunge vanoona minda yemagetsi inokonzerwa nemafungu egungwa ari mumunda wemagineti wePasi, chimwe chinhu chingavabatsira kuti vazvifambise uye vafambe rwendo rurefu.
Maitiro, hupenyu hwemagariro evanhu, uye kufamba
Kwenguva yakareba zvaifungidzirwa kuti shark dzaive zvikara zviri zvoga uye zvisina ruzivoAsi zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvinoratidza chokwadi chakaoma kunzwisisa. Mapoka eshaki akawanda kana mazana akatsanangurwa, pamwe chete nematanho ari pakati pemarudzi uye mukati memarudzi, uye kunyange maitiro akafanana nekutamba.
Mamwe marudzi, akadai se scalloped hammerhead shark, anoungana mumapoka makuru akakomberedza makomo egungwa kana zvitsuwa. Muhuwandu uhwu, Havasi vanhu vese vane chinzvimbo chimwe chete uye havazvibati zvakafanana.Izvi zvinoratidza mabasa akasiyana-siyana munharaunda. Mumamiriro ekudya, kutonga kwakajeka kwakaonekwa: semuenzaniso, hove dzegungwa dzinonzi whitetip shark dzinogona kukunda hove dzesilky dzine saizi yakafanana.
Kufamba kweshiri dzinofamba-famba kunoshamisawo. Mashaki mazhinji ePelagic anofamba-famba zviuru zvemakiromita pagorekuyambuka makungwa ese kuti vabereke, vadye, kana kushandisa mukana wemamiriro ezvinhu akanaka ezvakatipoteredza. Nzira dzavo dzinogona kuoma kupfuura zvatinofungidzira, nekumira munzvimbo dzine mhuka dzakawanda.
Panyaya yekumhanya, shark zhinji dzinofamba nepamwero wakadzikama, anenge 8 km/awa, zvakakwana kuti dzikwanise kufamba-famba munzvimbo yadzo. Zvisinei, Mamwe marudzi anosvika pakakwirira zvinoshamisaShortfin mako inogona kusvika kumhanya kweinenge 50 km/awa, uye shark hombe tsvuku ine kumhanya kwakafanana mukurwisa kwayo.
Kushanda kwezuva nezuva kunobatanidza zvikamu zvekufamba zvine simba nenguva dzekuzorora. Izvi zvakaratidzwa mumhando dzakadai sehove yespiny dogfish. Muzongoza unokwanisa kushambira zvakanaka kunyangwe uropi husina simba rakawanda., zvinoreva rudzi rwe "kushambira wakarara".
Kudya: kubva kuma "giant filter feeders" kusvika kuma "ambush" anodya mhuka
Kudya kweshaki kwakasiyana-siyana, kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vacho vari vanodya nyama. Zvichienderana nerudzi rwemhuka, dzinogona kupa chikafu de peces zvisikwa zvidiki, cephalopods, crustaceans, bivalve, kamba, shiri dzegungwa, kana mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzemugungwaKusiyana uku kwemhuka dzinodya mhuka kunoratidzwa zvakananga muchimiro chadzo uye nzira dzekuvhima.
Pakati pema "giant filter feeders" pane whale shark, basking shark, uye megamouth shark. Imwe neimwe yakakura. nzira yakasiyana yekusefa planktonChekutanga chakavakirwa pakusveta mvura yakawanda, chechipiri chinoshambira muromo waro wakashama chichibvumira mvura kuyerera, uye chechitatu chinosanganisa kusveta nezvinhu zvinopenya mumuromo zvinogona kukwezva mhuka dzinodya mumvura yakadzika.
Kune rumwe rutivi rwechikamu ichi tine nyanzvi dzakadai se mucheki wemakuki eshaki, iyo inobvarura madhisiki madiki enyama de peces uye mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzemugungwa dzakakura zvikuru. Mazino adzo makuru, akapinza sereza akakodzera kubata nekumonera muviri, kubvarura chidimbu chenyama.
Mamwe marudzi mazhinji emhuka dziri mubenthic, akadai se ngirozi shark nemakapeti shark, anozvivanza pasi pegungwa uye anova zvikara zvinovandira. Vanomirira vasingafambi kusvika mhuka yafa yasvika pedyo. Uye zvino vanovhura miromo yavo nehasha, vachiburitsa simba guru rinoimedza yese.
Shaki dzinoshanda dzemureef kana kuti dzemumahombekombe dzinowanzo vhima hove, cephalopods, kana crustaceans. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvakaita seshaki dzemureef dzewhitetip, izvi zvakanyorwa. kuvhima kweboka rekushandira pamwe chetemabhanga emakona de peces kana kudzinga mhuka dzinodya mhuka kubva mumakomba nemapako.
Kune imwe mhando inozivikanwa yemhuka dzinodya nyama dzese, iyo shaki yemusoro webhonetiiyo, pamusoro pezvisikwa zvisina mapfupa emugungwa nehove diki, inodya huwandu hwakawanda hwehuswa hwegungwa uye inokwanisa kushandisa inenge hafu yezvinovaka muviri zvezvirimwa zvainodya.
Kubereka: mazano, mhando dzebudiriro uye kusanganiswa
Kusiyana nehove dzinogara dzichikandira mazai akawanda uye dzisinganyatsoatarisiri, hove dzinonzi shark dzinotevera Nzira yekubereka yerudzi rweKIzvi zvinoreva kuti hadzibereki vana vakawanda, avo vakakura zvakanaka uye vane mukana mukuru wekurarama, asi zvinotora nguva yakareba kuti dzisvike pakukura pabonde. Inyaya yehunhu kupfuura huwandu, inoshanda zvikuru munzvimbo dzakagadzikana asi zvinoita kuti dzive panjodzi yekubatwa nehove zvakanyanya.
Kuberekesa mwana kunoitika mukati. Vanhurume vane nhengo dzemuviri muzvipete zvavo zvechiuno zvinonzi pterygopodia kana kuti claspersizvo zvavanoisa muchibereko chemukadzi kuti vatumire urume. Kusangana kwemurume nemukadzi, kwakaoma kuona musango, kunowanzo sanganisira kuzvidzora kuburikidza nekurumwa, kusvika pakuti mune mamwe marudzi emukadzi anenge akura ganda rakakora munzvimbo dzakasiyana kuti atsungirire "kuratidzwa kwerudo" uku kwakaoma.
Zvichienderana nerudzi rwemhuka, kukura kwevana kunogona kutevedzera nzira nhatu huru: oviparity, ovoviviparity, uye viviparity. mashaki emuzaiHadzi inoisa makapisi emazai akaita seganda, anozivikanwa zvikuru se "mermaid pouches," akabatanidzwa paalgae kana crevices. Embryo imwe kana kupfuura inokura mukati uye inozvarwa kunze kwemuviri waamai; izvi zvinowanzoitika kune akawanda ma catshark kana kuti Port Jackson shark.
Ovoviviparity, yakapararira zvikuru pakati peshark, inosanganisira Mazai anoramba ari mukati me oviduct. Vana vanodya yolk nechibereko kusvika vanyatsoumbwa pavanozvarwa. Mune mamwe ma lamniforms, ophagy inoitika (ma embryos akakura zvakanyanya anodya mazai asara), uye kunyange kudya vana mukati mechibereko, sezvakaita sand tiger shark, uko vana vakasimba vanodya hama dzavo dzichiri kukura.
Mukurarama chaiko, a chimiro chakafanana neplacenta iyo inobatanidza mwana ari mudumbu naamai uye inobvumira kuchinjana kwezvinovaka muviri nenzira yakafanana nemhuka dzinoyamwisa. Izvi ndizvo zvinoitika mushaki dzakawanda dzehammerhead, bull sharks, kana mhando dzerudzi rweshaki. MustelusVana vanozvarwa vatove nesimba uye vachizviriritira, vachikwanisa kuzviriritira kubva pazuva rekutanga.
Nguva yekuzvitakura inogona kutora nguva yakareba. Semuenzaniso, hove yembwa ine minzwa inoratidza pamuviri kusvika kumwedzi makumi maviri nemanaUye zvinofungidzirwa kuti mushaki dzinogara mubasking neshaki dzinokandwa, huwandu hwacho hwakatokwira. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hadzi zhinji dzinobereka makore mashoma ega ega, izvo zvinoderedza zvakanyanya kugona kwehuwandu hwekupora.
Chiitiko chinoshamisa chakanyorwa muma aquariums uye mune dzimwe nguva musango ndicho parthenogenesisHadzi dzinobereka vana dzisina kusangana nevanhurume munguva pfupi yapfuura kana kuti dzine majini anowanikwa nevabereki. Izvi zvinoita semhinduro yekukurumidzira kana pasina shamwari, asi zvinoderedza kusiyana kwemajini uye zvinogona, nekufamba kwenguva, kuderedza huwandu hwevanhu.
Uyezve, mumakumi emakore achangopfuura nyaya dzakawanda dzekusanganiswa kwechisikigo pakati pemhando dzakabatana dzakatsanangurwa, dzakadai sedziri pakati pe Carcharhinus tilstoni y Carcharhinus limbatuskana pakati peshaki dzakasiyana dzehammerhead. Marudzi aya anogona kuramba achitsungirira shanduko dzezvakatipoteredza uye pakupedzisira zvinotsiva mhuka dzemuno munharaunda, kunyange zvazvo simba radzo chairo richiri kudzidzwa.
Kurarama kwenguva refu uye kumhanya kwehupenyu
Nguva yekurarama inosiyana zvikuru zvichienderana nerudzi rweshiri, asi shark zhinji dzinorarama pakati pemakore maviri nemakumi matatuZvisinei, kune "vanasekuru navanasekuru vegungwa" chaivo: hove yembwa ine minzwa inogona kudarika makore zana, uye whale shark inoita kunge inoraramawo kupfuura zana remakore.
Chinyorwa chinozivikanwa pakati pemhuka dzine mapfupa anovava nemapfupa ndeche Shaki yeGreenland (Somniosus microcephalus)Kuongororwa kwemazuva emaziso avo neradiocarbon kwakaratidza kuti vanhu vane makore anopfuura 270, uye fungidziro dzinoratidza kuti kune dzimwe mhuka hombe dzine makore ari kusvika 400. Izvi zvinoreva kuti dzimwe dzacho dzinogona kunge dzakazvarwa French Revolution isati yatanga.
Kufamba kudiki uku kwehupenyu, pamwe chete nekukura kwepabonde panguva yekusvika uye kusakwanisa kubereka, kunotsanangura chikonzero nei Huwandu hwemashaki hunoderera nekukurumidza kana kumanikidzwa kwekubata hove kuchikwira Asi, zvinotora nguva yakareba kuti zvidzoke kunyangwe kana matanho ekudzivirira akakasharara aitwa.
Shark nevanhu: kurwiswa, ngano uye kugara pamwe chete
Nguva dzese panorwiswa neshaki, zvinobata misoro yenhau pasi rose, asi kana tikatarisa nhamba dzisingafadzi, dzakaoma, zvinhu zvinochinja zvakanyanya. Pamhando dzinopfuura mazana mashanu dzakatsanangurwa, shoma chete ndiyo yakakonzera huwandu hwakawanda hwekurwiswa kunouraya kusina chikonzero.: shaki chena huru, shaki yetiger, shaki yenzombe uye shaki yewhitetip yegungwa.
Faira reInternational Shark Attack, paavhareji, rinonyora kuti vanhu vanodarika gumi nevaviri vanofa pagore pasi rose nekuda kwekurwiswa kusina kutsamwiswa, zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinokonzera rufu mugungwa (kunyura, tsaona dzezvikepe) izvo zvinowanzoitika kakawanda. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, mufananidzo weshaki se "munhu anodya vanhu" wakadzika midzi mukufungidzira kwevanhu vose, zvakanyanya nekuda kwemafirimu akaita senyaya ye "Jaws".
Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti, mukurwiswa kwakawanda, Shark inogona kukanganisa munhu anoshambira kana kuti anosurfa nemhuka yakajairika.Sechisimbiso. Hazvishamisi kuti inosunungura munhu wayo mushure mekurumwa kekutanga, ichiziva kuti "haizivi zvainotarisira." Munzvimbo zhinji uko vanhu neshaki vanogovana nzvimbo, kugara pamwe chete kuripo zuva nezuva uye pasina njodzi.
Kune mamwe mazano ari nyore ekuderedza njodzi: dzivisa kushambira mambakwedza uye madekwana munzvimbo dzinozivikanwa nekuvapo kweshaki hombe dzinodya dzimwe mhuka, usapinde mumvura uine maronda anobuda ropa kana zvishongo zvinopenya dzinoratidza chiedza chakaita semakwande ehove, uye dzisingadi kupfachukira zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzinodyirwa neshaki.
Zvinoshamisa kuti, nepo chikamu chetsika dzakakurumbira chichinyadzisa mashaki, tsika zhinji dzechivanhu Dzave dzichinamatwa. Semuenzaniso, muHawaii, kune aumakua shark, midzimu yekuchengeta mhuri; mungano dzePolynesia neSamoa, nyaya dzakawanda dzevanhu vakachinjwa kuita shark uye vamwari vane chimiro cheshark.
Hukama nekubata hove, kubata mapete embambo nekuchengetedza nharaunda
Kana tikatarira mhedzisiro yacho kune rimwe divi, tarisiro yacho haina kunaka; kukanganisa kwekubata hove dzeshaki Yakakura kwazvo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti, mumakumi emakore apfuura chete, Shaki dzinosvika mamiriyoni zana dzinofa gore rega rega nekuda kwemabasa evanhu, kungave kubva mukubatwa kwehove, kubata hove zvisina kurongeka, kana kubata zvipete. Ongororo dzinoratidza kudzikira kwepasi rose kweanoda kusvika 70% muhuwandu hweshark neray dzemugungwa mumakore makumi mashanu apfuura.
Kubhururuka nemapapiro ndeimwe yenjodzi dzinoonekwa uye dzinokakavadzana. Inosanganisira kucheka mapini eshaki, kazhinji vachiri vapenyu, uye kukanda mutumbi zvakare mugungwaSezvo zvipenyu zvichitengwa nemitengo yakakwira pamusika (kunyanya muAsia nekuda kwesobho rezvipenyu zveshark), ngarava dzakawanda dzinosarudza kuchengeta chikamu ichi chemhuka chete, dzichipedza zvimwe zvese.
Kunze kwemafin, nyama yeshark inodyiwa munyika dzakawanda uye inoshandiswa muzvikafu zvechinyakare, dzimwe nguva pasi pemazita akafanana ne "whitefish" kana "flake." Kudyiwa kwecartilage nezvimwe zvinobva mairi kwave kuchikurudzirwawo semishonga inonzi inorapa kenza kana osteoarthritis, asi Zvidzidzo zvesainzi hazvitsigire hunhu uhwuuye vanonyevera nezvekuvapo kwezvinhu zvinosvibisa zvakaita se nemekiyuri kana neurotoxins (semuenzaniso, BMAA) mune zvimwe zvigadzirwa.
Rimwe dambudziko guru nderekubatwa kweshaki sechikamu chematanho e "kudzora" kuderedza kurwiswa. Zvirongwa zvinoshandisa mambure netambo dzemadhiramu munzvimbo dzakadai se Queensland kana New South Wales (Australia), KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) kana Reunion Island Vakauraya makumi ezviuru zveshaki, pamwe chete nemadolphin, turtles, mwaranzi nedzimwe mhando dzisiri dzemhuka dzinotsvagwa, vasingaratidzi pachena kuti vanoderedza njodzi kune vanoshambira.
Mukupindura mamiriro ezvinhu aya, zvirongwa zvakakosha zvakabuda mumakumi emakore achangopfuura: zvinorambidzwa kubhururuka mumvura dzeEuropean Union nenyika dzakasiyana-siyana, mitemo yenyika muUnited States inorambidza kutengeswa kwemafin, uye kugadzirwa kwe nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa shark munzvimbo dzakadai seBahamas, Palau, Cook Islands, nyika dzinoverengeka dzePacific, kana nzvimbo dzeMaldives.
Runyorwa Rutsvuku rweIUCN rwatove ruchifunga nezve kune chikamu chikuru chemarudzi eshaki nemwaranzi ari munjodziMazhinji emhando idzi ari muzvikamu zvepamusoro zvakaita se "zviri munjodzi" kana "zviri munjodzi huru." Masangano akaita seCITES akawedzera mhando dzinoverengeka dzinokosheswa mukutengeserana (hammerhead sharks, oceanic whitetip sharks, shortfin mako sharks) kune appendices dzavo, zvichireva kuti kubata kwavo hove nekutengeserana kwenyika dzese kunoda mvumo uye kudzora kwakasimba.
Zvese izvi zvinoratidza chokwadi chisingarambiki: Pasina mashaki, hapana makungwa ane hutano.Semhuka dzinodya dzimwe mhuka zvakanyanya, dzinodzora huwandu hwemhuka dzinodya dzimwe mhuka, dzinodzivirira kuwanda kwemhuka dzinorwara kana dzisina simba, uye dzinochengetedza chimiro chenharaunda dzemugungwa. Kudzidzivirira haisi nyaya yetsika chete, asi chinhu chakakosha pakuchengetedza nharaunda.
Biology yeshark dzemugungwa inotiratidza boka remhuka dzakagadzikana zvakanaka, dzine maumbirwo adzo, pfungwa, uye maitiro akagadziridzwa zvakanaka kuti aenderane nehupenyu mugungwa rakavhurika uye pamatombo egungwa. Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita miviri yavo, hukama hwavo, kudya kwavo, uye kuberekana kwavo Ndiro danho rekutanga rekubvisa ngano, kukoshesa basa radzo muzvinhu zvipenyu uye kubvuma kuti ramangwana radzo rinoenderana zvikuru nezvatinoita - kana kuti zvatinokundikana kuita - mumakumi emakore anotevera.
